I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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DISCOURSES, 



DELIVERED 



ON PUBLIC OCCASIONS, 



ILLUSTRATING THE PRINCIPLES, DISPLAYING 

THE TENDENCY, AND VINDICATING 

THE DESIGN 



WWm m&fiKBSHOT 




BY THADDEUS MASON HARRIS, 

Past Grand Chaplain to the Grand Lodge, and Chaplain to the 
Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Massachusetts. 



PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY GEO; HOWORTH, & M'CARTYfc DAVIS. 



AlOJO LT7CIS, 

5819. 



M^Carty &? Davis, printers. 






EXPLANATION OF THE FRONTISPIECE. 



The oval in the centre is an engraving from an 
antient painting in the Herculaneum. 

The figures at the sides and hottom are explained 
in the dissertation, in the latter part of this volume, 
which was written to vindicate, to some of the au- 
thor's learned friends, the explication he ventured 
to give of that passage in the book of Revelations, 
which is the subject of the Fifth Discourse. 



PREFACE. 



Several of these discourses 
have been delivered before the 

GRAND LODGE OF MASSACHU- 
SETTS, in discharge of my office 

Of GRAND CHAPLAIN. Some of 

them have been already publish- 
ed, in a pamphlet form, at the 
request, and for the accommoda- 
tion of the particular lodges at 
whose consecration they were de- 
livered : but, as their circulation 
was limited, manv of the bre- 



IV INTRODUCTION. 

thren who were desirous of pe- 
rusing them, had not an opportu- 
nity. To satisfy the repeated ap- 
plication of such, and to extend 
to the public in general, some 
correct ideas of the sacred charac- 
ter and genuine principles of Free 
Masonry, I have been induced to 
consent to the republication of 
those discourses, in which I en- 
deavoured to obviate the misre- 
presentations, confute the asper- 
sions, and allay the prejudices 
which have been so industriously 
circulated to destroy the credit 
of the institution. 

Some discourses are now added, 
which I declined publishing at 
the time of their delivery; and 



INTRODUCTION. 



others are prepared for this vol- 
ume to give it a suitable variety 
and a respectable size. 

The critic will doubtless find 
these compositions unequal and 
defective. For this some apolo- 
gy must be made. They were 
written upon emergencies, upon 
very short notice, and when there 
was no leisure to spare from the 
pressing avocations, the laborious 
duties, and the anxious cares, in 
which their author was involved. 

" Hgec scripsi, non otii abundantia, sed amoris." 

However they may be receiv- 
ed by the Public, this I would 
have remembered, that 1 have 



VI INTRODUCTION. 



; 



endeavoured in them to give a 
faithful delineation of the spirit and 
principles of Free Masonry ; " I 
speak that I do know, and testify 
that I have seen ;" andthese pages 
contain the open and undisguised 
sentiments of my heart. 



CONTENTS 



DISCOURSE I. 

On the design and genius of Free Ma- 
sonry. 
PROV. xvii. 17. 
A friend loveth at all times ; and a bro- 
ther is born for adversity, - - 15 

DISCOURSE II.- 

On the religious character and benevolent 
aims of Free Masonry. 

LUKE II. 14. 

Glory to GOD in the highest, and on 
earth peace and good will towards 
men, - - - - - 35 



Vlll CONTENTS. 

DISCOURSE III. 

On the peaceful genius of Free Masonry. 

ROM. XIV. 9. 

Let us therefore follow after the things 
which make for peace, and things 
wherewith one may edify another, - 51 

DISCOURSE IV. 

On the charitable purposes of Free Ma- 
sonry. 
levit. xxv. 35. 
If thy brother be waxen poor and fallen 
into decay with thee, thou shalt re- 
lieve him ; yea, though he be a stran- 
ger or sojourner, that he may live 
with thee, ----- 65 

DISCOURSE V. 

Free Masonry glorified. 

REVEL. II. 17. 

To him that overcometh will I give to 
eat of the hidden manna ; And I will 
give him a white stone, and in the 
stone a new name, written, which 
no man knoweth saving he that receiv- 
eth it, ..- 79 



CONTENTS. IX 

DISCOURSE VI. 

Masonic emblems explained. 

MATTH. X. 16. 

Behold I send you forth as sheep among 
wolves : be ye, therefore, wise as ser- 
pents and harmless as doves, - 93 

DISCOURSE VII. 

On illustrating our profession by example. 
matth. v. 16. 
Let your light so shine before men that 
they may see your good works, and 
glorify your Father who is in hea- 
ven, - - - 111 

DISCOURSE VIII. 

On preserving the credit of the Institution. 
rom. xiv. 16. 
Let not, then, your good be evil ■ spo- 
ken of, - - " - - - 127 

DISCOURSE IX. 

Answer to some popular objections to Free 
Masonry. 
exod. xvi. 15. 
And when the children of Israel saw it, 
B 



X CONTENTS. 

they said one to another, it is manna, 
for they wist not what it was. And 
Moses said unto them, this is the 
bread which the Lord hath given you 
to eat, .- - " - 145 

DISCOURSE X. 

Examination of the modern prejudices 
against Free Masonry. 
ROM. x. 3. 
We be slanderously reported, and some 
affirm that we say let us do evil that =. 
good may come, - - 175 

DISCOURSE XL 

On the best way of defending Free Ma- 
sonry. 
1 pet. ii. 15, 16. 
With well doing ye may put to silence 
the ignorance of foolish men. As 
free, and not using your liberty for a 
cloak of maliciousness, but as the ser- 
vants of God, - - - 197 

DISCOURSE XII. 

Valedictory. 
2 cor. xiii. 11. 
Finally, Brethren, Farewell. Be per- 



CONTENTS. .XI 

feet. Be of good comfort. Live in 
peace ; and the God of love and 
peace shall be with you, - 213 

A Masonic Eulogy, - - - 231 

A Charge, - ■ - - - 245 

Address to a Brother at his reception, 253 

Address to a Brother on his being 
crafted, - - - - 257 

Address to a Brother at his raising, - 261 

A charge. at the opening of a Lodge, 263 

A charge at the closing of a Lodge, - 265 

Funeral Address, - , - 267 

On the dedication of Columbia Hall, 271 

Fraternal tribute to the memory of 

Washington, - - - 277 

Extemporaneous dirge, - - 286 

Masonic dirge, - ,--, - s - 287 



Xll CONTENTS. 

Hymn, - 288 

Translation of the notes, 289 

Dissertation on the Tessera Hospitalis 

of the antient Romans, - - 291 

Introduction, - 293 

CHAPTER I. 

Of the Tessera Hospitalis. 

SECTION I. 

Method of contracting Friendship - 295 

SECTION II. 

The use and sacred nature of this contract 297 

SECTION III. 

Connection indissoluble, but by a pub- 
lic disavowal - 299 

SECTION IV. 

Disgrace of violation - - - 300 

SECTION V. 

The privileges of this Friendship might 
be claimed by the descendants of 
the contractors - - - 302 



CONTENTS. Xlll 
SECTION VI. 

A practice of this kind in use among 

the early christians - - 304 

SECTION VII. 

Application - - 306 

Objections removed - - - 308 

CHAPTER II. 

Of the Arrha Hospitale - 310 

CHAPTER III. 

Of the Bacillus - - - 312 

Constitutions 315 

A Charge on the opening of a Lodge, 245 

Charge proper to be delivered by the 

Junior Warden, at meridian, - 347 

Address to Free Masons in general 349 

\~ - 

The ancient Prayer at making, or open- 
ing, - - - - - 351 

Prayer used at opening a Lodge, - 353 

General Prayer in a Lodge, - - ibid 

Occasional Praver, - - - - 354 



XIV CONTENTS. 

Prayer used at closing the Lodge, 355 

Prayer said at the opening of a Lodge, 
or making a new Brother, &x. used by 
Jewish Free Masons, - - ibid 

Prayer used amongst the primitive Chris- 
tian Masons, - - - - 356 

At the initiation of a candidate, - 357 



BIS COURSE I. 

OF THE DESIGN AND GENIUS 

OF 

FREE MASONRY. 



u Hsec est vera et indirupta Fraternitas, quae 
animorum perfectione ac virtute concrescit ; cujus 
semel initum fcedus, nee desideriorum varietas, nee 
contentiosa dirumpet contrarietas voluntatum : quae 
fratrem veneratur devotum, corripit dissolutum* 
praesentum obsequitur, absentem non rodit, sanum 
applaudit, infirmum non deserit, divitem gaudet, 
pauperum adjuvat." 

Rabanus, super Matth. cap. ult. 



DISCOURSE I. 



Delivered at Bridgivater, November 3, 1797, at the Consecration 
of Fellowship Lodge. 



PROVERBS XVII. 17. 

'-'A FRIEND LOVETH AT ALL TIMES, AND A BROTHER IS 
BORN FOR ADVERSITY." 

W HO does not know and feel that 
man is ordained to converse with his bre- 
thren ; to impart to them what he is and has ; 
to interchange his reflections and sentiments 
with theirs ? Who has not tasted the pleas- 
ures of social life, or been charmed with the 
more intimate union of friends hip ? Therefore, 
who does not find in himself sufficient im* 
pulse to the use of the one, and the enjoyment 
of the other ? 

But whether this tendency to society pro- 
cure us all the good it might ; whether there 
C 



18 On the design and genius 

be not some forms in which a wise and 
benevolent man may derive from his compa- 
nionable propensities and affectionate dispois- 
tions greater utility and more noble pleasures 
than in their common application ; is a sub- 
ject worthy of investigation. 

Man is fond of social life. But if the 
fondness be without limitation it is extrav- 
agant ; if it be not regulated it is unreasona- 
ble. When the affections are diffused indis- 
criminately they become languid : When 
confined to an individual object they are 
straitened and contracted. Like the rays of 
light, if widely diverged, they are scattered 
and lost; if concentrated in a very small 
focus, they are intense : their real use is in a 
due medium, where they are collected so as 
to warm, to vivify, and to cheer; not to burn, 
effervesce, and consume. 

" A friend," says Solomon, "loveth at all 
times.'''' But how rare is such a friend ! 
When found, tried, and proved, how valua- 
ble ! Well might an antient wise man advise 
" not to change a friend for any good, by no 
means ; neither a faithful brother for the 
gold of ophir."* " A brother is born for 
adversity .*" but how seldom does he inherit a 
* Ecclesiasticus vii. 18. 



of Free Masonry. 19 

disposition for its duties !* So that the wise 
man elsewhere advises " Go not into thy 
brother's house in the day of thy calamity,"! 
adding, that there is greater reason to ex- 
pect assistance from strangers than benefit 
from relatives. 

Friendship wants not panegyrists. Phi- 
losophers, historians, orators, and poets have 
made it their favourite theme, and dwelt upon 
its praises with enrapturing eloquence. There 
have been found some in all ages to decorate 
its shrine with the choicest flowers of fancy, 
and the most exquisite ornaments of art 
And yet in all ages and at all times lamenta- 
tions have been made of the selfishness, the in- 
sincerity, or the perfidy of professed friends. 

* " Frater ne deserere fratrem, fratrum quoque rara 
gratia est. 

. By comparing the antient versions, there is reason to sup- 
pose that the same person is intended in both clauses of the 
sentence, and that the real construction of the verse is, The 

FRIEND WHO LOVETH AT ALL TIMES, IS BORN, (that IS, be- 
comes, or proves) a brother in adversity. This read- 
ing is supported by Eben Ezra, Munster, Vatablus 
and Patrick. In like manner, it has been observed, that 
" though a Brother is not always a Friend, yet a Friend is 
always a Brother." 

The writer, in choosing* the text, had reference also to the 
Chaldee paraphrase, which is followed by the Targum and 
the Talmud Babylonicum, and adopted by the' learned 
Schultens. " In omni tempore amat Socius verus ; et 
tile frater est ad angustiam natus." 

| Prov. xxvii. 10. 



20 On the design and genius 

Few who have tried it have found it capable 
of affording those high satisfactions which are 
attributed to it. Most have suffered from the 
eventual worthlessness of the bosom partner ; 
or from his mean and interested views, had 
the fund of sensibility and confidence with 
which they commenced the attachment fairly 
exhausted. Their bleeding affections and in- 
jured peace have given them too much cause 
to repent the trust they reposed with such 
fond and implicit affiance. How many, too, 
under the specious semblance of friendship, 
" full of fair seeming," have been betrayed 
by their fond credulity", or precipitated by 
their unsuspecting heedlessness, into extrava- 
gant attachments and pernicious intimacies ! 
And ah ! how many have been deceived and 
undone by unprincipled companions, whom 
they had cherished as virtuous friends ! 

The fact is, Friendship, as it is known and 
cultivated in the world, seldom arises from a 
cool, discriminating choice, founded on worth, 
and sanctioned by virtue. Men revolt from 
such formal contracts, where the affections 
must wait for the slow approbation of the 
judgment ; and the heart restrain its impulses 
or delay its regards, till reason has been con- 
sulted, and had opportunity to decide upon 
the propriety of their indulgence. Hence, 
the connection of which we are speaking most. 



of Free Masonry. 21 

commonly originates from casual acquaint- 
ance, the consequence of a similarity of sen- 
timents, situations, or pursuits ; rendered 
more and more agreeable and intimate, as it 
is found conducive to mutual convenience, 
pleasure, or advantage. Sometimes it is little 
else than the reciprocal negociations of inter- 
est, or mercenary exchange of services, which 
the selfish employ to promote their advan- 
tage. The intercourse ceases with the mo- 
tive that gave it birth : as partnerships in 
trade are dissolved when the special object of 
the firm has been effected, or has failed. 

There are friends enough to be faithful, 
and brethren enough to love in the season of 
prosperity: to participate our abundance, to 
feast on our plenty, and to rejoice in our de- 
lights. But it is the most deplorable fate of 
adversity, that, when we are in the greatest 
need of friends, it often puts them farthest 
from us.* "Some men, says the wise son 
of Sirach, are friends for their own occasion, 
and will not abide in the day of trouble : 
and there is a friend, who being turned to 
enmity and reproach, will discover thy re- 

* Ut — comes radios per solis euntibus umbra, 
Cum latet hie pressus nubibus, ilia fugit ; 

Mobile sic sequitur Fortunx lumina vulgiis, 
Qux simul inducta noctt teguntur, abit. 

Ovid, Trist. L 



22 On the design and genius 

proach. Again, some friend is a companion 
at the table, and will not continue in the day 
of affliction. In thy prosperity he will be as 
thyself, and will be bold over thy servants ; 
but if thou be brought low, he will be against 
thee and hide himself from thy face. A friend 
cannot be known in prosperity ; and an enemy 
cannot be hidden in adversity : in the pros- 
perity of a taan enemies will be grieved ; but 
in his adversity, even a friend will depart."* 

In short, friendship is so commonly found- 
ed on self-interest, and in its utmost purity is 
so much like self-love ; it is subject to so many 
interruptions ; so uncertain and short-lived ; 
and withal is so partial and limited and exer- 
cise of the social affections and benevolent 
dispositions of our nature ; that we must 
abate much from the high praises with which 
it comes recommended to us, and expect to 
find it defective as a pure virtue. Hence, 
perhaps, the total silence of the gospel upon 
this subject. For it has been remarked that 
" it is neither enjoined nor recommended in 
any one sentence in the whole new testa- 
ment. " Christianity, to be sure, makes it 
not a duty ; does not expressly inculcate it : 
prescribing, indeed, to its followers benevo- 

* Ecclus. vii. 5 — 12. and xii. 8, 9. " In malis amicus de- 
merit amicum."" Plaut. 



of Free Masonry. . 23 

lence towards all, and universal kindness and 
brotherly love, but not discriminate friendship, 
which, strictly speaking, cannot be a perma- 
nent obligation for all It is not to be en- 
joined, like justice and general kindness. Its 
rise and progress must frequently depend on 
circumstances and events that we are not al- 
ways able to influence or command. That 
could not properly be made the object of a 
divine requisition, which is purely a matter 
of free choice, and so delicate in its nature as 
to render the meeting of those who are qua- 
lified for it altogether uncertain. So that 
even very intelligent and worthy men, of a 
sweet and amicable disposition, may and 
often must forego the attachments of this pe- 
culiar and appropriated alliance in their strict- 
est intimacy and warmest cordiality ; not from 
any fault of theirs, but from not finding easi- 
ly in others that perfect similarity of disposi- 
tion and coincidence of sentiment and regard 
on which friendship is founded. And, in- 
deed, " to lavish on one object that kindness 
and affection which ought to be diffused 
among the whole human race, might well be 
deemed a monoply incompatible with that free 
and general commerce of good offices which 
the gospel certainly meant to extend to every 
quarter of the globe. "* 

• * Bp. Porteus, in a sermon on John xiii. 23, has attempt 
ed to prove, and he does it in a most pleasing and ingenious 



24 On the design and genius 

On the other hand, though it be our in- 
cumbent duty to love all and to do good 
to all, even this is to be but as we have op- 
punity; and it is still to be understood 
that some have a more special claim upon our 
esteem, and a more immediate need of our 
assistance. Widely as we extend the circle 
of our benevolent regards, universal and dis- 
interested as our good will may be, yet it is 
certain we can neither know the need, nor 
administer to the comfort, of every individual. 
Ignorance of the former, and inability to the 
latter, restrain even jur attempts. The very 
circumstances of the case require a more 
special appropriation : while our reason, our 
instincts, and natural propensities, lead us to 
make choice of some on whom to gratify our 
kind inclinations and benevolent acts, where 
they may be indulged and applied with dearer 
interest and happier effect. And this may 
be done in entire consistency with that uni- 
versal law of love which the gospel en- 
joins. 

It remains, then, that we enquire for some 
medium, where our affections may be exercis- 
ed without being partial and without being 

manner, that, although friendship is not expressly enjoined 
in the gospel, yet it is implicated in many of itsprecept,s 
and recommended in the example of the Saviour. 



of Free Masonry. 25 

indiscriminate. And how shall we attain 
this desirable mean between the diffusedness 
of general regard and the contractedness of 
individual attachment, but in a selection of 
those among our acquaintance who possess 
congenial hearts, mutual good dispositions 
and propensities, and reciprocal esteem and 
love ? Who are inspired with like ardour in 
the pursuit of wisdom, like zeal in the cause 
of virtue ? Of whom to form an association 
which shall partake of the liberal spirit of 
Philanthropy and the intimate union of Friend- 
ship ; combining the benevolence of the one 
with the tenderness of the other. And what 
society answers so exactly to this description, 
and unites so many of these purposes and ad- 
vantages, as that of free masons ? Founded 
on a liberal and extensive plan, its benigni- 
ties extend to every individual of the human 
race, and its adherents are collected from 
every nation under heaven. It invites to its 
lodges the sons of virtue, of love, and of 
peace ; that it might connect them by vows 
of eternal amity in a most sacred, intimate, 
and endeared alliance, and unite and invigo- 
rate their best endeavours for mutual and gen- 
eral advantage. Blending their resources in 
a common stock, and forming a community 
of interests, it makes the prosperity of each 
individual the object of the whole^ the pros- 
D 



26 On the design and genius 

perity of the whole the object of each indi- 
vidual. How nearly does this approach the 
state of the primitive Christians, who were 
" of one heart and one soul, neither said any 
of them that aught of the things which he 
possessed was his own, but they had all things 
common!" Were such the unanimity, love, 
equality, generosity, and disinterestedness, of 
professing Christians now. Free Masonry 
would be less necessary among them. 

Moreover, in the association we are de- 
scribing is also realized that constancy of affec- 
tion which friendship boastingly promises, 
but frequently fails to retain ; and that ten- 
der sympathy which fraternal love ought ever 
to express. There is to be found " the 
friend that loveth at all times, and the bro- 
ther that is born for adversity." And such 
are the mutual relations and connections 
which compose the sodality,* that " if one 
member suffer all the members suffer with it, 
and if one member rejoice all the members 
rejoice with it." 

The order, though composed of persons 
from various countries, separated by all the 
natural barriers which prevent men from 
running into coherent masses, yet seems to 

* " Fraternum vere dulce sodalitium !" Catul. 



of Free Masonry. 27 

be one body actuated by one soul. Thou- 
sands and thousands have one heart, one 
hand ; the heart of benevolence, the hand of 
charity. 

Sweet are its uses in adversity! Then, 
when the offices of general Philanthropy 
would not reach us ; or our share in its be- 
nignities be inadequate to our need : when 
Friendship grows cold, and its most zealous 
professor forsakes us ; Masonry triumphs in 
the exercise of its lovely charities. The no- 
blest sphere of its operation is in redressing 
the calamities of neglected, injured, merit ; 
investigating the wants and supplying the 
need of indigence, relieving pain, pitying and 
softening infirmity; admiring and fostering 
virtue. Yes, the true Mason (and all who 
are not so should not be numbered among 
us,) the true Mason looks as much to the 
welfare of his colleague as to his own ; feels 
more satisfaction when he can give him as- 
sistance, when he can benefit him or suffer 
for him, than when he receives help or fa- 
vours from him ; and is most forward to re- 
lieve him when his occasion is most urgent 
and his ability to requite the favour appears 
the least. He is emphatically the " brother 
born for adversity." If his means of assist- 
ance are small, and his powers of relief lim- 



28 On the design and genius 

ited, he will at least discover those soft and 
gentle attentions, and that tender and heart 
felt compassion, which sooth the distress he 
cannot remove, and bathe with tears the 
wound he cannot heal. He remains true 
and faithful to his brother when he can pro- 
cure him no more profit and afford him no 
more help, and has no tribute to make him 
but sighs of simpathy and tears of pity. He 
forsakes not his bed of languishment. He 
stays to support his drooping head, to catch 
his expiring breath, and close his eyes with 
the last offices of fraternal affection. Nor 
does his love cease to act in his brother's be- 
half because his spirit is departed, and his 
person is no more an object of necessity. It 
is stronger than death. It is the inheritance 
of his family. It sympathizes in the sorrows 
of his bereaved relations, inquires out their 
necessities, and strives to be all that to them 
which he was in kindness and in care. 

Such are the offices of Free Masonry in 
adversity. Such its affection and its sympa- 
thy. What sweet cordials may thus be in- 
fused even into the bitterest sorrows of life ! 
What cheering light spread over the dark- 
nesses that surround it ! With what vigour 
and courage will it inspire the weary and 
heavy laden heart ! With what a lenient hand 
will it bind up its wounds ; with what ani- 



\S 



of Free Masonry. 29 

mating encouragements awaken its hopes ! 
To this kind end, what attention, what assi- 
duity, what complacency, what indulgence, 
what sacrifice, is too inconsiderable or too 
great ! And what repays and rejoices more 
than when we see the suffering brother suffer 
less, suffer more composedly, or suffer no more ; 
when we can see him restored, strengthened, 
cheered, and satisfied ; again in possession of 
the comforts of life. 

This, I am bold to say, is the genuine spirit 
of our institution. These are its appropriate 
services, its peculiar duties. In this philan- 
thropic affection, and in these benevolent 
and gentle cares, does it endeavour, by the in- 
culcation of forceful precept and the exhibi- 
tion of affecting example, to instruct and 
exercise its attentive and faithful disciples : 
exciting the generous disposition of love 
adding to brotherly kindness, charity ; con- 
firming the habits of disinterested beneficence ; 
and prompting " the capricious wish that pants 
for universal good." 

Not that I would by any means be un- 
derstood to intimate that those who are not 
of the sodality may not be as conspicuous in 
all these amiable regards as those that are : 
but only that our institution adds to the law 



30 Of the design and genius 

of our natures, and the requisitions of our 
most excellent religion, another and prevail- 
ing inducement of their observance. So 
that to say, " an uncharitable or unkind Free 
Mason" implies a gross contradiction : and if 
such an one there be, he has done violence 
to his profession, and is an odious excres- 
cence on our society. 

Here indulge me the freedom of one re- 
mark. Inasmuch as Masonry is professed in 
those nations which have not yet been con- 
verted to the Christian faith, and as it 
enkindles benevolence and excites virtue so 
accordant with the genius of the Gospel, it 
may eventually have no inconsiderable ten- 
dency towards introducing and propagating 
among them that most glorious system of 
revealed truth ; at least by humanizing the 
disposition, softening the manners, and re- 
moving the prejudices, may prepare the way 
for that most desirable event.* I hazard 
this observation, with more confidence from 
knowing that the sublime grades, to which 
all the initiated which so much eagerness 
aspire, do in fact imply the knowledge, and 

* So St. John the Baptist, the first Christian Mason, was 
commissioned to prepare the way of the Lord ; to smooth 
the way and remove the obstructions to the introduction of 
his trutn. 



of Free Masonry. 31 

cannot be attained but through the acknow- 
ledgment of Christianity.* 

Finally ; with consistent views of our So- 
ciety even the prejudiced will forego their 
dislike. They must adknowledge that the 
blunders of its ignorant or the vices of its 
degenerate members do not indicate defect nor 
prove baseness in the institution itself. As we 
do not know the heart, we may be deceived, 
and unhappily adopt the unworthy. As we 
cannot alter the nature nor controul the pas- 
sions of men, there may be some among us 
whom our persuasions have been ineffectual to 
meliorate or our injunctions to reform ; who 
" remember not the brotherly covenant,"! or 
disregard its bonds. We lament these un- 
fortunate circumstances. We pity our weak, 
and reprobate our corrupt brethren. We are 
sorry too, that the world is so disposed to 
treat us contemptuously on their account. 
Still we comfort ourselves with the hope that 
the candid will see where the error lies, and 
not withhold honour from those to whom it is 
due : while we are assured that every friend 
of enlightened reason and rectified humanity 
will approve and patronize our social plan. 

* Particularly the " Companions of the Holy Sepulchre" 
and the "Knights of St. John of Jerusalem." 

f Amos i. 9. 



32 On the design and genius 

Herein we this day indulge a livelier joy, and 
felicitate the members of the newly erected 
lodge on the happy occasion. 

Right Worshipful 'Master, Worshipful Ward- 
ens, Respected Officers, and Beloved 
Brethren of Fellowship Lodge, 

Your joy is the joy of us all. Pure be 
the pleasures of your union, increasing the 
prosperity of your lodge ! Ever 'may you ex- 
hibit for each other, and for every member 
of the Masonic family, that constancy of af- 
fection which signalizes the friend who loveth 
at all times, and that tenderness of sympathy 
which designates the brother who is born for 
adversity. In all that is affectionate and all 
that is noble may you excel ! And let your 
conspicuous virtues diffuse beauty and lustre 
over your own characters and that of the So- 
ciety to which you belong ! 

The appearance of two Grand Lodges on 
this occasion is a happy exemplification of 
Masonic union and harmony, and an addi- 
tional source of pleasure to us all.* Let me 

* The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, under the M. W. 
Paul Revere, Esq. Grand Master, was joined by the M. 
W. Jabez Bowen, Esq. Chancellor of the College* and late 
Governor of the State of Rhode-Island, at the head, with 
several members, of the Grand Lodge of that State. 



of Free Masonry. 33 

be honoured as the organ of fraternal con- 
gratulation on the pleasing circumstance. 

The very large collection of respectable 
brethren gives a dignified aspect to the day. 
I salute them all with fraternal affection.* 
May the honour our institution derives from 
their patronage, and our festival from their 
presence, be repaid in all those acts and ex- 
pressions of respect with which we delight 
to venerate the worthy, the wise, the emi- 
nent, and the good ! 

May we all love fervently as Christians 
and as Brethren, walk as children of the 
light, keep the unity of the spirit in the 
bonds of peace, and by active, graceful and 
exemplary virtue be trained up for, and here- 
after admitted to, the Society of the Perfect 
in the Temple not made with hands eternal 
in the heavens ! 

* " Quosego dilexi fraterno more sodales." 



E 



DISCOURSE II. 

ON THE 

RELIGIOUS CHARACTER AND BENEVOLENT AIMS 

OF 

FREE MASONRY. 



" Jam orator aderat — veniamque rogavit, 
Paciferjeque manu ramum pretendit OlivvE.V 

VIRGIL, JEn 



DISCOURSE II. 



Delivered at Oxford, September 13, 1798, at the Consecration of 
the Olive Branch Lodge. 



LUKE II. 14. 



GLORY TO GOD IN THE HIGHEST, AND ON EARTH PEACE 
AND GOOD WILL TOWARDS MEN." 

JlHE Angelic hosts, bringing " good- 
tidings of great joy which shall be to all peo- 
ple," descended to earth from their spheres 
of celestial glory to announce the arrival of 
the long expected Messiah ; " the desire of 
all nations." They came as the retinue of the 
Heavenly Prince, to honour his mission, and 
congratulate mankind on his advent. Trans- 
ported with the happy prospects which were 
now opening to the view of the world, they 
pronounced " peace on earth and good will 
towards men," to be the design and legiti- 
mate fruits of this new dispensation. The 
words of our text form the choral song with 
which they celebrated an event so glorious 



38 Religious Character, &c. 

to God, so auspicious to man ; express the 
matter, as well as ground and reason of their 
acclamations of joy ; and supply a fit topic 
of discourse before an institution which 
breathes the same sentiment, and co-operates 
with the same plans of benevolence and 
peace. In commenting upon them, we shall 
consider how they are indicative of the de- 
sign and effect of the Christian Religion ; and 
then apply them to the purposes of the pre- 
sent assembling, by shewing how expressive 
they are of the pacific and benevolent dispo- 
sition of Free Masonry. 

Let us, first, examine the peaceful genius 
and tendency of the christian religion. 

The many prophecies, in the Old Testa- 
ment, which relate to the Messiah, and inti- 
mate the design and foretel the effect of his 
mission, uniformly speak of him as coming 
to restore peace on earth, and to promote the 
best temporal and spiritual interests of man- 
kind. They give him the title of " the 
Prince of Peace."* They declare, that "of 
the increase of his government and peace 
there shall be no end."f They describe the 
genius and auspicious influence of that do- 
minion which he will exercise, (after the 

* Isaiah ix. 6. f Isaiah ix. f. 



of Free Masonry, 39 

oriental manner) by a beautiful assemblage 
of exquisite and expressive imagery ; com- 
paring its effects in reconciling the most hos- 
tile, and reforming and taming the most sav- 
age dispositions, to a softening of brutal na- 
tures ; to " the wolf and the leopard, no 
longer fierce, lying down with the lamb and 
the kid ; the calf and the young lion led in 
the same peaceful band, and that by a little 
child ; the heifer and the she bear feeding 
together, and lodging their young, of whom 
they used be so jealous, in the same place ; 
and all the serpent kind becoming so harm- 
less that the sucking child may safely put his 
hand on the basilisk's den, and play on the 
hole of the aspic.' '* Finally, it was pro- 
mised that the Messiah should come to pub- 
lish peace, f and to establish with mankind 
" the covenant of peace. "$ 

Concurring with these predictions, his 
religion is styled, in the New Testament, " the 
gospel of peace. "§ He indeed came and 
" spake peace to the people," He consoled 

* Isai- xi. 6 — 9. " The Greek and Latin Poets have 
painted their Golden Age in very beautiful colours, but the 
exquisite imagery of Isaiah stands unequalled aud inimi- 
table." 

Smith's Summary View of the Profihets, page 39 s 

f Isai. lii. 7. Nahum i. 15. 
X Isai. liv. 10. Ezek. xxxiv. 10. § Rom. x. 15. 



40 Religious Character, &c» 

his disciples by assuring them that in him 
they should have peace.* And he left them 
a legacy in the same strain, f 

So remarkable a frequency and agreement, 
in the use and application of this word and 
sentiment, naturally excites our curiosity to 
know in what sense he brought peace on 
earth, and produced good will among men. J 
This is the subject of our present inquiry. 

1. The words of our text may be consi- 
dered as a proclamation of spiritual peace. 

Christ, who came to restore the human 
race, alienated from God by wicked works, 
made our peace with the justly offended 
Deity and thus procured us that peace of 
mind which the world could not give, nor 
we otherwise obtain. 

" He is our peace, saith the Apostle, that 
he might reconcile us to God."§ " He came 
and preached peace to you (the gentiles) 
that were afar off, and to them (the Jews) 
which were nigh."|| "Being justified by 
faith, we have peace with God through our 

* John xvi. 33. f John xiv. 27. :£ Bishop Port^us. 

§ Ephes. ii. 16' || Ephes. ii. 17. 



of Free Masonry, 41 

Lord Jesus Christ."* These expressions, and 
the many others of the like import in the 
christian scriptures, shew us that the primary- 
sense in which this peace is procured, is that 
of a spiritual nature. But, 

2. Our text may be considered as an- 
nouncing peace on earth in a temporal 

SENSE. 

The life, the character, the instructions of 
Jesus, all exhibited and recommended be- 
nevolence and peace. And his religion is 
eminently calculated to promote " peace on 
earth and good will towards men," not only 
by restraining or destroying every passion 
which is unfriendly to human happiness, but 
by exciting every virtue, and cherishing 
every disposition conducive to the mutual 
interests, and conciliatory of the mutual re- 
gards of mankind. 

One great object of Christianity is to open 
the heart, improve the social affections, and 
render man benevolently disposed towards 
all his fellow beings ; to promote the most 
friendly intercourse and kind offices ; to 
establish human society in peace and good 

* Rom. v. 1. 

F 



42 Religions Character ', &c. 

order ; and to contribute to the security , 
comfort, and true enjoyment of this life, as 
well as to lead men to eternal happiness and 
glory beyond the grave. The system itself is 
universal benevolence and philanthropy. Its 
pacific nature and amicable tendency will 
clearly appear, if we examine its general 
structure, or consider the spirit of its lawfe. 
It recommends an affectionate temper and 
demeanour, represses ill will and injuries of 
every kind and degree, and forbids every act 
by which the peace or enjoyment of our 
neighbour may be interrupted. " Follow 
peace with all men ;"* " if it be possible, as 
much as lieth in you live peaceably with all 
men; f "have peace one with another; J 
study the things which make for peace ;"§ 
are familiar and frequent injunctions, are les- 
sons which perpetually recur in the writings 
of the New Testament. 

By enjoining it upon us to do unto others 
as we would they should do unto us, it regu- 
lates the practice of all the known social du- 
ties ; prescribes the proportion and ascertains 
the measure of justice, mercy, or benevo- 
lence which we ought to mete out to others 
upon all occasions, and makes even the prin- 

* Keb. xii. 14. f Rom. xii. 18. % Mark ix. 5 . 

$ Rom. xiv. 19. 



of Free Masonry. 43 

ciple of self-love the most effectual means of 
pointing out and prompting us to acts of 
honesty, humanity, and justice. By bidding 
us love our enemies, bless those who curse 
us, do good to those who despitefully use us, 
and pray for those who persecute us, it re- 
strains the resentful passions, prevents retali- 
ation and revenge, and leads to reconciliation 
and peace. 

So that in this religion there is nothing 
hostile to the peace of society, or the happi- 
ness of mankind : But, on the contrary, all its 
influence is on the side of human felicity. 
And it is certain, that, the more Christianity 
is known and followed, the more will men be- 
come improved, and the fewer will be their 
contentions, corruptions and crimes : The 
more mild will be their governments, the 
more equitable their laws, and the more secure 
and lasting their national prosperity. 

In every country over which Christianity 
has spread its peaceful and conciliating influ- 
ence, it has meliorated the whole constitu- 
tion of society ; rectified its general codes and 
institutions ; mixed with the civil arrange- 
ments and social habits of life ; and displayed 
its effects in common transactions and private 
intercourse, in every scene of public engage- 



44 Religious Character, Ssfc. 

mentor domestic enjoyment. " It has soft- 
ened the tyranny of kings and the rigour of 
the laws ; and restrained the pride of ambi- 
tion, the horrors of war, and the insolence of 
conquest."* Thus has it been the cause of 
genuine and efficient benefit to mankind. And 
we may confidently assert, that, were the gos- 
pel universally received, rightly understood, 
and conscientiously practised, under its mild 
dominion, there would be no wars nor fight- 
ings ; no tyranny, civil or religious ; no in- 
justice, envy nor malice ; no public or pri- 
vate wrongs : But peace and love, freedom 
and benevolence, would bless the whole 
world. What a change would take place in 
the condition of mankind, were Christianity 
to obtain such an extensive influence, such a 
glorious triumph ! How prosperous and hap- 
py would all nations be in " the abundance 
of peace !" 

Such is the peaceful genius and tendency 
of the christian dispensation ! 

I will now close my discourse by observ- 
ing that the language of our text is also the 
expression of free masonry. 

This institution inspires its members with 

* PORTEUS. 



of Free Masonry. 45 

the most exalted ideas of God, and leads to 
the exercise of the most pure and sublime 
piety. A reverence for the supreme Being, 
the grand architect of nature, is the ele- 
mental life, the primordial source of all its 
principles, the very spring and fountain of all 
its virtues. 

It interests us, also, in the duties and en- 
gagements of humanity ; produces an affec- 
tionate concern for the welfare of all around 
us ; and, raising us superior to every selfish 
view, or party prejudice, fills the heart with 
an unlimited good will to man. 

All its plans are pacific. It co-operates 
with our blessed religion in regulating the 
tempers, restraining the passions, sweetening 
the dispositions, and harmonizing the dis- 
cordant interests of men ; breathes a spirit 
of universal love and benevolence ; adds one 
thread more to the silken cord of evangelical 
charity which binds man to man ; and seeks 
to intwine the cardinal virtues and the chris- 
tian graces in the web of the affections and 
the drapery of the conduct. In its bosom 
flows cheerily the milk of human kindness ; 
and its heart expands with love and good will. 
It wears " the ornament of a meek and quiet 
spirit." In one hand it holds out the olive 



46 Religious Character, &fc. 

branch of peace ; and in the other the liberal 
donation of charity. 

While Masonry thus aids the cause of 
virtue by giving additional weight to moral 
obligations ; it promotes public happiness, by 
enjoining a ready submission to the whole- 
some laws and regulation of civil society. 

In all countries, and in all ages " the true 
and accepted" have been found to conduct as 
peaceable citizens, and acknowledged to be 
the firm and decided supporters of good or- 
der, government, and religion. How much, 
then, are we supprised to find opposers to an 
association whose whole law is peace, ^and 
whose whole disposition is love ; which is 
known to discourage by an express prohibi- 
tion the introduction and discussion of politi- 
cal or religious topics in its assemblies ; and 
which forbids in the most positive and solemn 
manner all plots, conspiracies, and rebellions. 
But, notwithstanding the ignorant mistake, 
and the prejudiced censure of the society, we 
are persuaded that its real character is too 
well known, and its credit too well support- 
ed, to be injured by their misrepresentations, 
or destroyed by their invectives. When they 
charge us with demoralizing principles, we 
will tell them that some of the most ortho- 



of Free Masonry, 47 

dox and respectable Clergymen are of our or- 
der ; and when they impute to us disorgan- 
izing attempts, we will remind them that 
Washington is our patron and friend. 

" Little should we deserve the name of 
the sons of peace, if we violated our allegiance 
as subjects ; much less should we merit the 
protection of the legislature, if we gave the 
slightest encouragement to machinations 
against the national tranquility, or the poi- 
sonous breath of seditious calumny."* To 
depart from evil and do good ; uniformly 
to follow after the things that make for peace, 
and things whereby we may edify one ano- 
ther ; and to promote, as far as we can, 
the general welfare of the community to 
which we belong, and of mankind at large ; 
is at once our characteristic profession, our 
duty, our interest, and our praise. And 
while we thus feel and act, and are thus 
known to the world, we may be perfectly easy 
about those unfriendly suggestions which 
have been propagated against the society ; 
which, however, none will believe who read 
our constitutions, and none will fear who see 
our conduct. 

* Dr. W ATKINS' charge at the expulsion of a mason 
in England, who had " persisted in declaiming on state af- 
fairs, in a manner which was calculated to excite disaffec- 
tion to Government." Svo. Lond. 1796. 



48 Religious Character, &c. 

Remembering, my beloved brethren, that 
" piety towards GOD the glorious master^ 
builder of the universe, and love to man- 
kind, are the two grand immoveable pillars 
which support the fabric of Masonry,"* may 
your hearts ever glow with the warmest 
emotions of piety and the noblest sentiments 
of benevolence. 

I salute the officers and brethren of the 
lodge this day publicly organized, with frater- 
nal affection. " Peace be unto you, and peace 
to your helpers."f Pleasant be your hours 
of private intercourse ; blest be their ten- 
dency and happy their effects. 

Under the peaceful shade of your flou- 
rishing olive branch may you find refresh- 
ment. Fair be its promising flowers, and 
plentiful its rich fruits ! And may the salu- 
tary oil it distils, heal all the wounds which 
care, trouble, or calumny may make in your 
hearts ; and, like the precious ointment on 
the head of Aaron, make your face to shine 
with gladness, and diffuse far around you 
the grateful and reviving perfume of honour, 
praise, and glory ! 

* Antient Masonic Constitutions, Chap. 1. §. 2. 
| 1 Chron. xii. 18. 



of Free Masonry. 49 

Peace be within the walls, and prosperity 
to the interests of every lodge ! Peace to the 
brethren : And " may the God of peace him-, 
self give us peace always by all means !" 

amen ! 



G 



DISCOURSE III. 

ON THE PEACEFUL GENIUS 



FREE MASONRY. 



" Blest are the sons of peace, 
Whose hearts and hopes are one, 

Whose kind designs to love and please 
Through all their actions run." 



WATTS. 



DISCOURSE 111 



Delivered at Wrentham, October JO, 1798, at the Consecration of 
•Montgomery Lodge of Franklin. 



ROMANS XIV. 19. 



"let us therefore, follow after the things 
which make for peace, and things wherewith one 
may edify another." 

J. HE Apostle, perceiving that some 
dissensions had arisen between the Jewish and 
gentile converts with regard to the perpetu- 
ity of the Hebrew ritual and the observance of 
its ceremonies, in this chapter assumes the of- 
fice of peace-maker. He attempts to allay the 
uncharitable spirit they discovered, and warm- 
ly recommends to the brethren the exercise 
of mutual forbearance, candour, charity, and 

love. And to restrain their censoriousness 

i 

and shew them the impropriety of judging 
and condemning each other, he reminds them 
that they must all stand before the judg- 



54 On the peaceful genius 

ment seat of Christ, to whom alone men are 
accountable for their religious principles and 
conduct. 



The passage chosen for our text is one of 
his friendly cautions. It calls them away 
from emulations and strife, and solicits their 
utmost endeavours in the promotion of mu- 
tual peace and edification. 

The recommendation is proper, not only 
for those to whom it was immediately ad- 
dressed, but for christians in all ages. Indeed, 
so long as men will think and act different- 
ly, and dislike and displease each other for 
doing so ; so long as jarring interests and 
discordant passions divide and disturb them : 
so long will it be necessary to recal their at- 
tention to the duties of love, the advantages of 
union, and charms of peace. And such is 
the humble object of the present discourse. 
In pursuing it, I shall attempt to explain the 
duty here recommended, in general terms; 
and then shew how it belongs to us in our 

INDIVIDUAL, SOCIAL, CHRISTIAN, and MASONIC 

characters. 

i. To pursue the things which make for 
peace and mutual advantage, is, in general 
terms, to endeavour so to demean ourselves, 



of Free Masonry, 55 

in the various stations and offices of life, as 
to promote a friendly understanding and cor- 
respondence among those with whom we 
converse ; and to prevent, as much as possi- 
ble, all mistakes and jealousies, all conten- 
tions and strife. 

Such are the imperfections of our nature, 
such the diversities or prejudices of our edu- 
cation, and in such different lights do we see 
the same thing, that it is not probable we ever 
should concur exactly in the same opinions. 
Yet that we should make allowances for these 
things, and exercise charity and candour for 
each other, is but reasonable and just: es- 
pecially since the things in which we all agree 
are vastly greater and of higher importance 
than those in which we differ. Therefore, 
to censure or condemn others, because they 
think differently from us in small or indiffer- 
ent matters, is as unreasonable as to be dis- 
satisfied with them because they have not our 
features or complexion. 

But, to be more particular, 

ii. In order to promote the amicable and 
pacific disposition and conduct our text re- 
commends, we ought, as individuals, to 
make it our habitual endeavour to cultivate 



56 On the peaceful genius 

and cherish all those mild and friendly dispo- 
sitions which bring serenity into our own bo- 
soms and diffuse it to all around us ; and to 
suppress and restrict all those inclinations and 
passions which inflame our sense of injuries, 
or excite a spirit of resentment, unkindness, 
or animosity. Every lust, passion, and in- 
ordinate affection, tends to create discord 
and sow dissension. From pride cometh con- 
tention ; from ambition, wars and fightings : 
and discontent, envy, anger, and malice, are 
those roots of bitterness which spring up 
and are fruitful in all the disorders of private, 
social, and public life. 

Whoever is not at peace with his own 
self, will never be at peace with his fellow 
creatures. 

If the heart be full of rancour, the con- 
duct will be full of malignity. 

But he who is kindly affectioned, who 
hath the rule over his own spirit, will be 
under no temptation to disturb the peace of 
his neighbour. His carriage will be always 
inoffensive, his manners gentle, and his con- 
duct obliging. And thus will he conciliate 
universal estimation and love, aid the cause 
of general harmony and peace, and edify all 



of Free Masonry, 57 

around him by his good disposition, example, 
and conduct. 



in. In our social character and relations 
we ought, also, to pursue the plans of peace 
and mutual edification. 

Men are born for society, and designed as 
helps and comforts to each other. Strifes 
and debates, resentment and wrath, are dis- 
cordant with this original destination and 
intent. They unsocialize man. They are 
destructive of all union and harmony. 

The very nature and situation, the inter- 
ests and happiness of mankind, shew the im- 
portance and necessity of pursuing the things 
which make for peace, and things wherewith 
one may edify another. 

The duty itself implies mutual love and 
charity. He who observes it will be kind 
and condescending. His heart will glow 
with benevolence. His arms will be extend- 
ed to the large embrace of philanthropy, or 
the liberal bestowment of generosity. In his 
intercourse with his fellow men he will shew 
the most obliging attention to their concerns, 
and the most active readiness to promote 
their welfare. He will not needlessly give 
H 



58 Oft the peaceful genius 

nor take offence. He will use great compli- 
ance in all matters of indifference, and rather 
suffer inconvenience than excite uneasiness. 
He is not easily provoked, but suffereth long 
and is kind. He expects to meet with little 
affronts, and to have to deal sometimes with 
disobliging tempers. But he is not apt quick- 
ly and upon every slight occasion to conceive 
a displeasure, or to take fire at every provo- 
cation or neglect. He will pacify the resent- 
ful by a soft answer, or disarm them by an 
obliging courtesy. In short, he is desirous 
and ready upon all occasions to make up dif- 
ferences, to rectify misunderstandings, to 
soften prejudices and to restore harmony 
and good will between any persons and in 
any cases which fall within the compas of 
his knowledge. 

Such is the character of him who endeav- 
ours as much as lieth in him to live peace- 
ably with all men, and to promote their 
peace and welfare. 

As members of civil society it becomes us, 
likewise*, to lead quiet and peaceable lives ; 
to promote the public tranquillity and pros- 
perity ; to pay a due regard to the laws of 
our country, to shew a high respect to our 
rulers, and a generous confidence in their 



of Free Masonry. 59 

wise administration, to avoid a factious and 
party spirit ;* and, by proving ourselves at 
all times the friends of order and of peace, to 
build up and sustain our national security, 
liberty, and independence. 

iv. Christians, more especially, should fol- 
low after the things which make for peace 
and tend to mutual edification. They owe 
this to the common cause of the gospel.— 
They are by their profession all " members of 
one body," called " in one hope," servants 
of " one Lord," disciples of the same heav- 
enly teacher, instructed in " one faith," in- 
troduced in " one baptism," and consecrated 
to the "one God and farther of all;" par- 
takers of the same promises, and fellow heirs 
to the same glorious inheritance. What 
bonds of union are these ! What considera- 
tions can prevail to divide those thus con- 
nected together by the most sacred ties! 
Shall they not always love with " one heart 
and one soul," and " keep the unity of faith 
in the bonds of peace !" Convinced of the 
propriety of such a temper and conduct of 
love and charity, let us, my fellow christians, 

* " Donare inimicitias Reipublicse" — to sacrifice all pri- 
vate animosities and discoi'ds to the fiublic good, was the ad- 
vice of the antient Romans for the security of their civil 
state. 



60 On the peaceful genius 

make it the fixed purpose of our hearts to 
avoid all strifes and contentions ; to sacrifice 
all little party distinctions for mutual edifica- 
tion, for advancing the common interest; 
to cultivate and cherish the kind affections ; 
and to do all in our power to promote and 
preserve concord and unanimity, harmony 
and peace, that we may " excel to the edify- 
ing of the church," and in the " love of the 
brethren.*" And be it remembered, that, 
while we follow after the things which make 
for peace, we adorn the holy religion we 
profess, as well as evidence to the world that 
we belong to that Jesus who is " the Prince 
of peace," and who has said that all men 
may know his disciples by the love they bear 
to one another. So that love is the badge 
and mark of the true christian : peace is his 
disposition, and edification his desire. 

i 
Acknowledged and accepted in this char- 
acter as the " children of God," may we all 
hereafter share " the fruits of righteousness 



- * Pope Alexander, in a letter recommending Peace be- 
tween the kings of France and England, in 1162, has the 
following excellent remark :" Inter csetera bona, jquse 
hominem amabilem proximis, et placidum Deo reddunt, 
illud specialiter acceptum fore credimus, quod caritatem 
corriibus inserit, et animarum vinculum operater." 

Rymer, Faedera, torn 1, p. 21 . 



of Free Masonry, 61 

which are sown in peace for them that make 
peace," in a world where goodness flourishes 
in bliss eternal ! 



v. Lastly. As masons let us never neg- 
lect to pursue the things which make for 
peace and mutual edification. The very 
genius and design of our institution assign us 
this duty : its credit and prosperity demand 
it of us. Recollect for one moment, my 
brethren, the peculiar spirit, the appropriate 
object of our association. Is it not to form 
us to the habits and the most liberal exercise 
of charity and candour, forbearance and placa- 
bility, humanity and peace ? Are we not in- 
structed to wear " the ornament of a meek 
and quiet spirit," and to retain " the law of 
kindness in our mouth ?" Are we not in- 
structed not only to " dwell together in uni- 
ty," but to "follow peace with all men :" 
not only to " bear one another's burdens," 
but to "fulfil the whole law of love :" not 
only to make the kindest allowance for a 
brother's infirmities, but to condescend to 
the peculiarities of other men, excuse their 
imperfections, and apologize for their fail- 
ings ? Yes ! We are taught to suppress pri- 
vate prejudices and party spirit ; to forget 
animosities and to listen to the voice of re- 
conciliation ; to soften into gentleness and 



62 On the peaceful genius 

complaisance, sympathy and love ; and to 
prepare for all the duties of universal benevo- 
lence. And must not the cultivation of 
such dispositions and habits have the most 
happy influence on general society ? Must 
not men thus instructed be the friends of so- 
cial tranquillity and public happiness? Cer- 
tainly ! And free masons have always prov- 
ed so. For ages they have maintained this 
character and merited this praise. And we 
may be assured that all suspicions or declara- 
tions to the contrary, are unfounded, unde- 
served, and unjust. Be it your care, my 
beloved brethren, to shew that they are so, 
by a conduct that will reflect honour upon 
the order. Shun whatever would fix a stig- 
ma on its character, or raise a doubt of its 
worth. "Walk in wisdom towards them 
that are without." Do not needlessly excite 
their jealousies, nor willingly provoke their 
displeasure* Convince the world, by an 
amiable deportment, a wise demeanour, and 
good example, that while Masonry discour- 
ages all imprudence and forbids all vice, it 
assists the progress and the perfection of hu- 
man virtue and happiness. 



The officers and brethren of the lodge this 
day consecrated will be pleased to accept my 
affectionate salutations. 



of Free Masonry. 63 

I congratulate you on the auspicious oc- 
casion ! May all joy and happiness ever at- 
tend you ! May the beauteous edifice* you 
are erecting, be the sanctuary of piety, the 
asylum of virtue, the delightful abode of 
love ! There may wisdom exalt her throne : 
there " reign silence and peace !" And may 
you improve the instructive lectures of the 
craft to the best purposes, and with the hap- 
piest effect ; till having passed the trials of 
this probationary state, you shall be raised to 
the temple not made with hands, eternal in 
the heavens, where all is harmony, and love, 
and bliss, uninterrupted and eternal ! * 

" Finally, brethren, farewell. Be per- 
fect, be of good comfort, be of one mind, 
live in peace ; and the God of love and 
peace be with you I" Amen. 

* The members of Montgomery Lodge have erected and 
are finishing a large and handsome building for their As- 
semblies, in the town of Franklin. 



DISCOURSE IV. 

ON THE CHARITABLE PURPOSES 

OF 

FREE MASONRY. 



DISCOURSE IV. 



On the Festival of St. John the Evangelist; for the purpose of 
Charity. 



aIEMOTE from those contests and 
revolutions which make Europe one vast 
aceldama, we, my brethren, have opportunity, 
in these happy retreats of liberty and peace, 
to unite in those mild plans whose unosten- 
tatious object is charity, and whose humble 
effect is individual and social benefit. And 
we now assemble to celebrate the festival of 
" the disciple whom JESUS loved" — holy 
saint john, the patron of our order; with 
the more express purpose of calling into ex- 
ercise the virtues which JESUS loved; bene- 
volence and charity ; the distinguishing 
characteristics of the masonic institution. 

Were there nothing congenial in the sen- 
timents of the liberal, were there nothing 



68 On the charitable purposes 

assimilating in the tempers of the benevo- 
lent, that mind mus,t surely be warped 
from every generous impulse of humanity, 
which is not gladdened at the fair occasion 
the present offers of congratulating the pro- 
gress of a society formed with the express 
design of lessening the aggregate of human 
misery and increasing the sum of human 
happiness. 

This is your solemn, yet joyous festival, 
my brethren. Not the feast in which appe- 
tite is pampered or sensuality indulged ; but 
where the moral taste is gratified, and the 
bowels of mercy refreshed : the feast to 
which the poor and the afflicted are invited, 
that their wants may.be supplied and their 
hearts comforted. 

So well am I assured of your readiness to 
every good work of hospitality and benefi- 
cence, that I have little else to do than to 
assist your kind offices and second your en- 
deavours. In my present address, I pretend 
not to instruct you in a duty already familiar 
and in happy operation ; but shall only take 
the liberty of " stirring up your pure minds 
by way of remembrance," and of pointing 
out those channels in which your bounty 
will flow with the most certain advantage 



of Free Masonry, 69 

and permanent effect. As a text to my dis- 
course, (if it be not too late to introduce 
one,) I would use those words inserted in 
the 35th verse of the xxvth chapter of LE- 
VITICUS. 

— " If thy brother be waxen poor and 
fallen into decay with thee, thou shalt 
relieve him j yea, though he be a stranger 
or sojourner, that he may live with 



This is the admirable injunction of the 
Jewish legislator. He had been stating the 
law for the institution of the jubilee , or year 
of liberty. This was to take place every 
fiftieth year. It was a season of national 
rest, festivity and joy. Care ceased and 
labour was suspended. The ground remain- 
ed untilled, and whatever it spontaneously 
produced belonged to the poor and needy. 
Slaves were manumitted, captives released, 
and prisoners set free. All debts were can- 
celled, all controversies adjusted, all law-suits 
terminated. Mortgaged and alienated estates 
reverted back to their original owners ; for 
these were so entailed that the right heir 
could never be wholy excluded from his pa- 
trimony. This law was intended to preserve 
a perfect distinction of tribes and families ; 



70 On the charitable purposes 

to fix the Jews in Canaan, and attach them 
to the country ; to cut off the means and sup- 
press the greediness of heaping up wealth ; 
to prevent the rich from oppressing the poor; 
and to preserve, as much as possible, the 
equality of their fortunes and condition.* 

But to guard against the uneasiness such a 
liquidation of debt and reversion of property 
might occasion ; or rather, to prevent any 
from the necessity of incumbering or alien- 
ating their estates to get a livelihood ; it was 
made a solemn requisition that the more 
fortunate and opulent should exercise the 
utmost charity and compassion to their 
brethren under decay ; contribute to their 
relief by every means in their power ; and 
lend them money if they desired it, to be 
repaid as they could make it most conve- 
nient, and without demanding any thing for 
its use. They were bidden to extend their 
assistance even to strangers and sojourners, as 
well as neighbours and fellow citizens : for 

* For this end their genealogical records, were, of ne- 
cessity, to be carefully kept, that they might be able to 
prove their right to the inheritance of their ancestors. 
By this mean, in after times, the family of the Messiah was 
readily and fully ascertained, to be, as the prophets had 
foretold, " of the tribe of Judah and lineage of David." 

Cuneus, de Refiub. Hebr. lib. 1. c. 3. 



of Free Masonry. 71 

the exercise of benevolence should not be 
confined to kindred nor limited to place ; 
every human being who needs, has a claim 
to its regards.* 

Some of the before-mentioned regulations, 
to be sure, were peculiarly accommodated to 
the Jewish commonwealth, and are not appli : 
cable to any other condition of civil society : 
but the disinterested and generous principles 
on which they are founded belong to the 

PERPETUAL CODE OF HUMANITY. 

Although an equalization of property 
and a community of goods was attempted 
among the first christian converts,! yet it is 
evident that it was not intended that the 
circumstances of mankind in after ages 
should thus be adjusted. Special reasons 
made it expedient then, which would never 
operate again. 

In fact, a perfect equality of station and 



* " Charity is a complete and consistent thing. It is not 
a segment but a circle. Its affections stream from God, as 
their centre ; all mankind compose their circumference: 
they go forth, not only in one, but in all directions towards 
the production of others' good." 

Fawcett. 

f Acts ii, 44, 45 ; andiv. 32. 



72 • On the charitable purposes 

possession, however pleasing in theory, is not 
reducible to practice. Mankind are too cor- 
rupt and selfish for such a condition to con- 
tinue long, were it once introduced. The 
strong would soon take advantage of the 
weak, and filch by power a larger share from 
the common stock. Cupidity would accu- 
mulate, and avarice prevent diffusion. And, 
while the industrious increased their pro- 
perty, the indolent would become poor. 

But even were this equalization possible, 
it would not be desirable : for it would be 
incompatible with improvement and unfa- 
vourable to virtue. There would be no 
stimulus to mental application, and no use 
for intellectual improvement. Industry and 
indolence would have the same success. — 
Merit would fail of promotion ; and perform- 
ance, of reward. The chain of mutual 
dependence, which renders us according to 
the expressions of St. Peter, " subject one to 
another," would be broken. There would 
be no room for a reciprocity of kindnesses, 
no opportunity for the bestowment of cha- 
rity, and nothing to call into exercise those 
benevolent affections and tender sympathies 
which are the "ornament of our species and 
the prolific causes of individual and social 
happiness. 



of Free Masonry. 73 

Instead, therefore, of making any vain 
attempt to bring the conditions of mankind 
to a common standard ; or indulging any 
idle wishes that they were more upon a level ; 
it is much more expedient, commendable, 
and proper, that the rich and the poor, by a 
mutual interchange of good offices, should 
contribute to each other's accommodation 
and comfort ; that the abundance of the one 
should be freely and generously bestowed to 
supply the wants of the other ; and that 
thus, as Saint Paul enjoins, " there may be in 
some sort an equality."* 

Have we been fortunate in the labours of 
industry, or successful in the enterprizes of 
business ; have our stores been increased by 
the successive seasons of productive years ; 
have our riches been rolled in with the pro- 
pitious tide, or wafted home by the favouring 
gale ? This is under the auspices of heaven. 
" Not our hand, nor our might hath gotten 
us this wealth." It is bestowed by a blessing 
we did not deserve, and secured from contin- 
gencies we could not controul ; that in its use 
we might be happy, and make others so too. 
It is conferred on us by the supreme Propri- 
etor, not to support our indolence or pamper 

* 2 Cor. viii. 14. 

K 



74 On the charitable purposes 

our luxury, not to be hoarded by our ava- 
rice, or squandered by our profligacy ; but 
that we might be made " stewards of the 
manifold grace of God," and almoners of his 
bounty to the poor. 

But, as it cannot be expected, that, while 
the claims are so repeated and the claimants 
so numerous, even the best disposed and 
most liberal individual can satisfy all their 
wants; it has been found advisable to form 
an association, which uniting the means of 
the provident and the bountiful, might col- 
lect their contributions and their " alms into 
a store house" of supplies for numbers. And 
this, my hearers, is one main design of the 
society whose anniversary festival makes this 
day the jubilee of humanity. 

Though the manner and the measure of 
our charity be a profound secret, yet it is 
generally known that our institution estab- 
lishes a fund for charity, and provides re- 
sources for the unfortunate ; and that it su- 
peradds to the common law of our nature 
and the express injunctions of religion ano- 
ther reason for the exercise of benevolence, 
and another motive to the bestowment of ge- 
nerosity. And you, my brethren, have often 
felt with what engaging and persuasive em- 



of Free Masonry. 75 

phasis the importance of brotherly love, 
relief, and truth, are inculcated in our lec- 
tures. The first renders us affectionate, the 
second generous, the third just. To brother- 
ly kindness is added charity ; and both are 
crowned with fidelity, and secured with jus- 
tice. 

Our excellent book of constitutions has 
asserted,* what I am sure your own hearts 
witness, that, " to afford succour to the dis- 
tressed, to divide our bread with the industri- 
ous poor, and to put the misguided traveller 
into the way, are duties of the craft, suitable 
to its dignity and expressive of its usefulness. 
But, though a Mason is never to shut his ear 
unkindly against the complaints of any of 
the human race, yet when a brother is op- 
pressed or suffers, he is in a more peculiar 
manner called upon to open his whole soul 
in love and compassion to him, and to re- 
lieve him, without prejudice, according to 
his capacity." 

The present occasion, which reminds you 
of the benevolent purposes of our association, 
prompts you to inquire if any brother be wax- 
en poor through misfortune, or fallen into decay 

* Chapter i. Section 3. 



76 On the charitable purposes 

through sickness, that you may repair his 
losses or relieve his distress ? If any stranger 
or sojourner from a foreign land need the wel- 
come of your hospitality or the assistance of 
your bounty, that he may live with you ? If the 
desolate widow of some deceased member be 
in necessitous circumstances, or his helpless 
orphans require protection or maintenance ? 
These are the tender inquiries of the day. 
Here are the channels opened for the cur- 
rent of your affection, and the bestowment 
of your charity. Here your compassion 
may operate without restraint, and your 
benefactions be applied in the worthiest man- 
ner. You may have the pleasing reflection 
that you supply the necessities of those who 
are allied to you by the most endearing ties, 
and discharge one of the characteristic duties 
of the masonic institution. 

Wherefore, my brethren, do your carry 
corn, wine, and oil in your processions, but to 
remind you, that, in the pilgrimage of hu- 
man life you are to impart a portion of your 
bread to feed the hungry, to send a cup of 
your wine to cheer the sorrowful, and to 
pour the healing oil of your consolation into 
the wounds which sickness hath made in the 
bodies or affliction rent in the hearts of your 
fellow travellers ? 



of Free Masonry. 77 

Hasten,, then, to perform these affectionate 
services ; and " thus fulfil the whole law of 
love !" " The blessing of those who are ready 
to perish will come upon you," accompanied 
with the approbation and followed by the 
reward of the divine philanthropist. 
" Then, in that awful day, when the secrets 
of all hearts shall be disclosed, the gazing 
multitude who have curiously inquired our 
secret shall be astonished to know that the 
greatest deep of Masonic secrecy was the un- 
published act of doing good '!"* The memo- 
rials of your beneficence will prove your pass- 
port to the blissful seats of eternity ! You will 
be received to that .glorious society where 
there will be no necessitous objects to excite 
compassion ; but where your bounty to such 
on earth will meet a liberal recompence, and 
the divine principle of charity forever re- 
main a sacred band to unite us to one ano- 
ther and to the God of love who is the spring 
of immortal joy ! 

* Rev-JETHRO Inwood's Sermons, p. 247. 



DISCOURSE V. 

FREE MASONRY GLORIFIED. 



DISCOURSE V. 



Before a Chapter of Royal- Arch. Masons. 



He that hath an ear to hear, let him 
hear, what the great high Priest of our pro- 
fession hath promised, 

REVELATIONS II. 17. 

TO HIM THAT OVERCOMETH WILL I GIVE TO EAT OF 
THE HIDDEN MANNA, AND I WILL GIVE HIM A WHITE 
STONE, AND IN THE STONE A NEW NAME, WRITTEN, 
WHICH NO MAN KNOWETH SAVING HE THAT RECEI- 
VETH IT. 

JL HIS sublime promise has a peculiar 
significance to those who have been admitted 
within the vail of the masonic temple. 

With that caution which becomes me in 
addressing a mixed audience, I will take the 
liberty of explaining the passage, for the pur- 
pose of pointing out those motives which 

1-4 



82 Free Masonry glorified. 

it suggests to a patient perseverance in the 
ways of well doing. 

Though this chapter of the Apocalypse, 
and the one preceding, be particularly ad* 
dressed to the churches of Asia, yet the 
threatenings and the promises they contain 
are introduced with a solemnity which be- 
speaks them intended for the caution and 
encouragement of christians in general in all 
succeeding ages, so long as the vices they re- 
prove and the virtues they commend shall be 
found in the world. 

" Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, 
neither have entered into the heart of man, 
the things which God hath prepared for 
them that love him. But God hath re- 
vealed them unto us by his spirit : for the 
spirit searcheth all things, yea the deep 
things of God."* These inconceivable glo- 
ries are described to us in a way conform- 
able to our narrow intellects. Were spirit- 
ual and heavenly joys represented as they 
really are, and denned by their own proper 
names and qualities, we should be utterly 
unable to comprehend them, and therefore 
very incompetent judges of their value. In 

* lCor. ii. 9.10. 



*r 



Free Masonry glorified. 83 



condescension, therefore, to our limited fac- 
ulties, such metaphors are used in the holy 
scriptures in revealing to us " the hidden 
mysteries" of the future life, as are within 
the comprehension of the human mind, and, 
in some sort, accommodated to the feelings 
and wishes of the human heart. Among these 
is the promise of our text, which I shall now 
proceed to explain. 

Without quoting the various conjectures 
of commentators and critics into its mean- 
ing, all of which I shall take the liberty to 
reject as contradictory or inapplicable ; I shall 
at once state what I conceive to be the import 
of the passage. 

i. The first part of the promise has un- 
doubtedly a reference to that miraculous 
provision made for the children of Israel 
in the wilderness by the immediate hand of 
God. The " hidden manna" alludes to that 
sample of this bread which was laid up before 
the Lord in the ark of the covenant ;* and 
by it is intended " that meat which en- 
dure th unto everlasting life, that spiritul food 
with which the soul shall be amply supplied 

* Compare ExocL xvi. 33. Heb. ix. 4, 



84 Free Masonry glorified, 

in the heavenly state, where all its refined 
desires shall be fully gratified. 

"Lord evermore give us this bread!" 
When the labourers shall be called from work 
to refreshment, and the Grand Master shall 
close the earthly lodge to open upon the first 
step of eternity, may we be admitted to the 
privilege and raised to the honour of eating 
and drinking with him at his table ;* and be 
abundantly satisfied with the goodness of his 
house, even of his holy temple !f 

ii. The other clause of the verse we are 
considering relates to a particular custom 
among the antients with which they com- 
menced and perpetuated a refined friendship. 
For this purpose the contracting parties took 
a small piece of bone, ivory or stone, and 
dividing it into equal and similar parts, one 
of the persons wrote his name upon one 
of these, and his friend upon the other ; 
and they made a mutual exchange. This 
little ticket, or " keep-sake,'' was retained as 
a sacred pledge and remembrancer of an 
attachment the most sacred and inviolable, 
entire and permanent, that could be formed. 
Including the wordy sign, and token of an en- 

* Luke xxii. 30. f Psal - lxv - 4, 



Free Masonry glorified. 85 

deared fraternity, it was the mean of ascer- 
taining the object of the heart's affections 
after many years absence, and of securing for 
him a welcome to the privileges and a share 
in the endearments of hospitality and love. — 
Of course the token was carefully preserved. 
Though in itself considered, of smallest 
worth ; yet as the memorial of a highly es- 
teemed friend, as it renewed those kind emo- 
tions of which he was the object, and called 
up a history on which the heart delighted to 
dwell, its value became inestimable. And 
lest some one else should take the advantage 
of it, the possessor kept it with great privacy, 
and cautiously concealed from every one the 
name or mark engraved upon it. 

Supposing our text to relate to this cus- 
tom ; what a delightful train of ideas does it 
suggest ! 

In a spiritual sense, the promise is to this 
effect, that the man of triumphant virtue shall 
be rewarded by the favour and friendship of 
his divine Redeemer. This truly pleasing as- 
surance is also given or implied in several 
other passages of the New Testament, " not 
in the language of mere affirmation only, but 
in a great variety of figurative, animated ex- 
pressions, so as to convey to the imagination 



86 Free Masonry glorified. 

as well as to the reason and judgment, the 
liveliest and deepest impressions of its truth 
and import."* Here we perceive the af- 
fections of the heart directed to the scene 
of their noblest exercise; and the virtues of the 
christian character ripening for a sphere of 
exalted bliss. And here we are assured that 
in another and better world the true fol- 
lower of Jesus shall be admitted to a friend- 
ship, the pledges and the privileges, the sa- 
tisfactions and the glories of which, can be 
felt, understood, and realized only by the hon- 
oured and highly favoured receiver. 

To use the words of Doctor Young, on a 
similar subject ; " Is not this almost too 
much for human modesty to mention, for 
human frailty to credit ; and oh ! is it not 
far too much for human gratitude to leave 
unproclaimed, unadored ! O blessed revela- 
tion that opens such wonders!" What en- 
couragement and hope are here ! Who would 
exchange the frame of mind which even the 
bare anticipation of such happiness produces, 
if nature could support it, for any other ? 
Who is there that would not wish to be of 
the number thus distinguished ? Who but 
would be glad to have his fidelity thus ac- 

* Consult John xv. 1, 2. xxii. 30. Rom. viii. 29. 2 Cor. 
iii. 18. xii. 17. Rev. iii. 20. xix- 9. 



Free Masonry glorified. 87 

knowledged, his virtue thus rewarded, his 
eternal interest thus secured? What joy will 
transport thy heart, christian, at this pleas- 
ing transaction ! How will the sons of God 
congratulate thee upon this most honourable 
testimony to thy integrity and fidelity ! How 
will thy fellow saints rejoice with thee in 
mutually sharing the commendation and 
friendship of the best of beings ! 

In this view, how great, how excellent, is 
the christian profession ; how high and dig- 
nifying the work of life ! What can be a no- 
bler object of pursuit than the friendship of 
Jesus ! What more worthy method of pur- 
suing it than by steadfastness and persever- 
ance in the ways of well doing ! 

The mutual operations of sincere and vir- 
tuous affection, even in this world, though 
often weak and intermitting, are accompan- 
ied with so much satisfaction, that next to 
the consciousness of doing well, assurance of 
the divine approbation, and the hope of 
heaven, it is the greatest enjoyment we 
have. But, sweet and endearing as it may 
prove, it partakes so much of human imper- 
fection, is so liable to interruption, and may 
so soon be suspended by death, that we can- 
not rest in any earthly connection, as com- 



88 Free Masonry glorified, 

pletely satisfying, undisturbed, or secure. 
But the heavenly union has none of this 
allay, none of this uncertainty ; it is perfect, 
indissoluble. " The joy hereafter to be reveal- 
ed" is substantial and sincere ; large as the 
capacities of our immortal souls, and lasting 
as the duration of eternity ! 

If there be such a state of future happiness 
as we have been describing, such a sublime 
connection with all that is perfect and great 
in. the universe, there is nothing worth a 
single thought compared with making provi- 
sion for it. Highly necessary is it to begin 
to be that which we hope to be forever, and 
to enter upon that way of living in which we 
hope to live to all eternity. " Every man who 
hath this hope purifieth himself as Christ the 
Lord is pure." 

Assured that he acknowledges those only 
as his friends who do whatsoever he com- 
mandeth ;.* should we not be ready to yield 
a constant obedience to all his requirements, 
" and follow all his will ?" Knowing that 
" the secret of the Lord is with them that 
" serve him;"f should we not now cultivate 
the favour, and secure an interest in the love 

* John xv. 14. f Psal. xxv. 14- 



Free Masonry glorified. 89 

of that Being, whose future friendship is the 
ambition of our souls, " the prize of our 
high calling ?" How ought we to maintain, 
in the whole of our deportment, that, purity 
and dignity which become an expectation so 
noble ! How desirous should we be of a 
nearer assimilation with our exalted friend, 
remembering that " he who is joined with 
the Lord is of one spirit. "J 

May God teach us more of that hidden 
wisdom which they only know who are 
truly initiated into real Christianity ! " that 
our hearts might be comforted, being knit 
together in love,, and unto all riches of the 
full assurance # of understanding, to the ac- 
knowledgment of the mystery of God the fa- 
ther, and of Christ, in whom are hid all the 
treasures of wisdom and knowledge."* 

To you, my beloved and venerable com- 
panions, who are acquainted with the mean- 
ing and uses of the distinguishing symbol of 
the master mark mason, the explanation of 
this passage and the antient custom to which 
it alludes, will be very instructive and encou- 
raging. 

* Coloss. ii. 2, 3. 

M 



90 Free Masonry glorified. 

" Mark Masters all appear 
Before the chief O'erseer; 

View there the stone, 
On which appears the name 
That raises high the fame 
Of all to whom the same 

Is truly knoxvnP"* 

The stone which bears " the mystic word" 
is legible only by those who have been 
taught the interpretation : by others it is 
rejected as insignificant, or considered as " a 
stone of stumbling and a rock of offence." 

Though, therefore, you say to the inquisi- 
tive, as the angel to Manoah, " Why askest 
thou after my name, seeing it is secret?" to 
you it is known as the symbol of your ex- 
pected reward. You learn the honour of 
having " your names written in heaven."* 
You indulge the cheering hope, that, though 
distance divide or death interrupt the union 
of virtuous minds, it will be renewed in a 
more improved form when you shall meet 
again in the most holy place, and be com- 
panions forever. 

Often let us think of that glorious society 
amongst whom we are enrolled as members ; 

* Luke x. 20. 



Free Masonry glorified. 91 

rejoice in the privileges and honours which 
result from such a relation to it ; and aspire 
to the dignity and felicity promised to those 
who shall feast upon " the heavenly manna," 
and be " called by the new name which the 
mouth of the Lord shall name !•".* Then 
shall we not only " have fellowship with one 
another," but " our fellowship will be with 
the Father, and with his Son Jesus Christ. "f 

Let the hopes of meeting with this great 
reward, animate us in all our toils and labours 
through the wearisome pilgrimage of this 
life, and encourage us in the practice of those 
duties and to the acquirement of those vir- 
tues that many render us meet to be partakers 
of it. Let us rise from the love of man to 
the love of God : and let us so cultivate hu- 
man friendship as at length to become wor- 
thy of the divine ! 

*,Isai,lxii.£ fl Joh.i. 37. 



DISCOURSE VI. 

MASONIC EMBLEMS EXPLAINED. 



DISCOURSE VI. 



Delivered before the Officers and Members of King Solomon's 
Lodge in Charle&toxon, June 24, 1796, being the Festival of St, 
John the Baptist. 



MATTHEW X. 16. 

BEHOLD I SEND YOU FORTH AS SHEEP AMONG WOLVES I 
BE YE THEREFORE WISE AS SERPENTS AND HARM- 
LESS AS DOVES. - , 

IN these words our Saviour addressed 
his apostles, whom he sent forth into the 
world to teach and to recommend his reli- 
gion by their instruction and example. At 
the same time he very frankly warned them 
of the dangers to which they would be ex- 
posed, and counselled them how to conduct 
so as to shun, or to bear, the opposition they 
must expect. Making a strong and expres- 
sive allusion to the known qualities of some 
of the inferior animals, he bid them take a 
hint of the expediency of patience from the 



96 Masonic emblems explained. 

sheep, a lesson of wisdom from the serpent, a 
recommendation of harmlessness from the 
dove. Such allusions to sensible objects was 
one of the earliest, the easiest, and most en- 
gaging methods of instructing mankind in 
moral and divine truths. Assembling images 
from nature, it speaks to the understanding 
by the senses. These pleasing illustrations 
lead us, by an easy process, to form the 
most important, and often times the most 
sublime ideas, from things most familiar and 
intelligible. Hence the loftiness of style and 
sentiment, the rich imagery, the animated 
description, the enchanting grace, which per- 
vade and embellish all the productions of the 
East. And hence the admirable tissue of al- 
legory and metaphor with which they deco- 
rated wisdom and virtue. This method of 
imparting the most sage and salutary lessons 
was, by our Lord, repeatedly used with the 
happiest efficacy. Our text is a pleasing in- 
stance. The purport of the advice it con- 
tains is, that his disciples should act with 
prudence, caution, and mildness ; and exhi- 
bit such traits of inofFensiveness, wisdom, and 
innocence, as to give no occasion for any 
thing to be alledged against them or their 
doctrine, nor any handle for their being ill 
used. These admonitions, my hearers, are 
still important and salutary. No individual 



Masonic emblems explained. 97 

person, nor any bocfy of men, can be beyond 
the necessity of their service. And there is 
scarcely a day but calls for their exercise and 
displays their utility. Let me assure myself, 
then, that this large and respectable assembly 
will not be displeased if I dwell, a little, upon 
the important qualities enjoined and recom- 
mended in our text : while my beloved bre- 
thren of the free mason society acknowledge 
my obedience to their commission, in my 
public defence and illustration of their pri- 
mary and favourite principles. 

Since he who is " the mighty Counsellor" 
hath thought fit to set forth this instruction, 
to which I would lead you, under the ex- 
pressive emblems of the sheep, the serpent 
and the dove, it may be very proper for us 
to observe what there is in these animals 
that affords matter for our imitation with 
reference to our conducting of ourselves in 
the world. 

i. From the sheep we may learn patience 
and silence. These are, on many occasions, 
very becoming, discreet, and laudable, but 
pre-eminently requisite in situations exposed 
to disingenuous opposition or taunting re- 
proach. In such circumstances the blessed 
Saviour gave these qualities the expressive 
N. 



98 Masonic emblems explained. 

recommendation of his own example. " He 
was led as a lamb to the slaughter ; and as 
a sheep before her shearers is, dumb, so he 
opened not his mouth." 

ii. Our Lord, designing to join wisdom 
and innocence together, proposes the ser- 
pent for the one, and the dove for the other : 
to let his disciples know that he allows them 
so much wisdom as is consistent with inno- 
cence, and persuades them to no more sim- 
plicity than is consistent with wisdom. A 
reference is made to the commendable qualities 
of both; that what was wanting in one 
might be supplied from the other ; and that 
from their conjunction might result a per- 
fect wisdom free from all guile, and a well 
guarded innocence without the least mixture 
of indiscretion. This would produce a char- 
acter at once superior to the iniquitous con- 
trivance of fraud and the yielding timorous- 
ness of mental imbecility ; too generous to 
impose upon others, and too cautious to be 
imposed upon. 

Whatever skill or prudence we may pos- 
sess separate from inoffensiveness, our skill 
is dangerous, and our prudence ineffectual : 
the former may terminate in destructive mis- 
chief, and the latter degenerate into con- 



Masonic emblems explained, 99 

tracted selfishness. Wisdom without inno- 
cence turns into craft and cunning, and sim- 
plicity without wisdom is mere folly. * So 
hazardous, also, is our situation amidst the 
corruptions of the world, that even blame- 
lessness yields not security :f it will only 
expose us unless it be guarded by discretion. 
The christian fathers often insist upon both 
, of these, and join them together. " Let no 
man impose upon you, saith Ignatius, J and 
see that you do not impose upon any one." 
Jerom thus recommends ; § "have the sim- 
plicity of the dove, that thou mayest not con- 
trive to cheat any one ; and the wariness 
of the serpent that thou mayest not be sup- 
planted by the snares that others lay for 
thee." Gregory Nazianzen said of his father 
that " he neither suffered the wisdom of the 
serpent to degenerate into cunning, nor .the 

* " Scientia, quse a justitia et honestate. sejuncta est, 
caliditas potius quam sapientia est appellanda." Cicero 
de off. 1. 1. 

" Prudentia, absque simplicitate, malitia est : et simpli- 
citas absque ratione, stultitia nominatur." Hieron. su- 
per Oseam. 

f " Parum tuta per seipsa probitas est." Sallust. 
X Ignatius, epist. ad Ephes. 

§ u Habeto simplicitatem columbse, ne cuiquam machi- 
neris dolos et serpentis astutiam, ne aliorum supplanteris 
insidiis." Hieron. epist. adPaulin, 



100 Masonic emblems explained. 

innocence of the dove into indiscretion ; but 
made up one complete kind of virtue from 
the union of both together."* This union 
he afterwards describes under the name of 
" goodness combined with understanding :" 
by Hilary it is called " wise simplicity."! It 
is tuis union of wisdom and innocence 
which perfects -:he character of man. It gives 
him all that commands respect and conciliates 
esteem ; all that is venerable, and all that is 
lovely. The injunction, then, may bear re- 
peating, that we blend the wisdom of the 
serpent without its malignity, with the inno- 
cence of the dove without its silliness. In 
short, to designate our wisdom as coming 
from above, it must be " first pure, then peace- 
able, gentle, easy to be intreated, full of 
mercy and good fruits, without partiality and 
without hypocrisy." 

These hints for the better understanding 
of the text being premised, let us proceed to 
consider these things separately ; that is to 
say, let us instance wherein we may lawfully 
imitate the wisdom of the serpent, or advan- 
tageously display the harmlessness of the 
dove. 

* Gregor.Nazianz. Orat. 19. 
f " Sapiens simplicitas." 



Masonic emblems explained 101 

From remotest antiquity to the present 
day the serpent has been remarkable for a 
peculiar penetration and artfulness.* This 
rendered him, unhappily, a fit instrument, un- 
der the management of the malignant deceiv- 
er, to effectuate the fall of man. This natu- 
ral sagacity was not evil in itself, however 
the abuse of it, by the devil's means, was 
unspeakably evil and destructive, f 

From this disastrous period enmity irre- 
concilable has subsisted between the serpent 
and man. It is natural for us to dread even 

* See some remarkable stories of the sagacity of serpents, 
in pliny, Nat. Hist. L vii. c. 23. 27. 

f The character which is given of this animal by the 
sacred historian, Genesis 3d ohapter, may denote rather his 
gentle, free, and insinuating nature, than any original mali- 
ciousness : that, before the fall, the serpent was mild, trac- 
table, and more familiar with man than any other creature ; 
and strongly intimates that he had won the attention and 
gained the good liking of our first parents. For when God 
says he will put enmity between the serpent and woman, 
the implication must be that there was some sort of kindness 
and friendship between them before. This was the senti- 
ment of the antient and modern Jews, and of several of the 
Christian Fathers. [See Josephus antiq. lib. 1. c. 2. Rabbi 
Isaac Abarbinel. R. Maimonides, more nevodwn, p. xi. 
c. 3G. R.Menachem. Basil, homU.de jidradiso. Dablas- 
cen. de side, 1. 2. c. 10.] And it may be well to recollect 
that the Hebrew word [gnarmn, whence the Latin word. 
gnarus] here translated subtil does not signify craft, or in- 
siduousness, but kn owing ; and so the Seventy Interpreters 
have rendered it : and they employ the same Greek word 
which our Saviour uses in the text we axe explaining. 



102 Masonic emblems explained. 

the tool by which we have been wounded, 
though we cannot predicate guilt of the in- 
strument, or rationally account for our aver- 
sion. But this need not prejudice us against 
the instructions we may hence derive. Let 
me make the creature which was instrumen- 
tal in teaching our progenitor evil and misery, 
instrumental in teaching us, his descendants, 
good and happiness.* 

1. The first lesson of wisdom we may learn 
from the serpent is that of prudence. This 
animal is said always to endeavour, when as- 
saulted to defend his head ; he secures that, if 
it be possible, though the body be exposed, f 
It becomes us, in imitation of this, when ex- 
posed to danger, to take care to defend and 
secure the capital, the principal, the chief 
concern. $ 

2. We may learn from the serpent per- 
spicacity and circumspection. The antients 
have celebrated all the species for quickness of 

* " Fas est ab hoste doceri." 

f " In praesentissimo vita periculo totum corpus ictibus 
objiciunt, ut caput occultent atque integrum servent." 

plin. nat. hist. 

X " The prudent man foreseeth the evil and hideth him- 
self." Prov. xxii 3. 



Masonic emblems explained, 103 

sight.* Hence the poets have placed them as 
keepers of the garden of the Hesperides.f 
He who has joined prudence to his wisdom will 
acquire these also. He will look about him : 
espy both his advantage and his danger ; 
especially if by discerning the latter he may 
know how to bring about the former. His 
watchfulness will either prevent the evil 
which is designed against him, or to which 
he is exposed, or it will enable him to pro- 
vide against it effectually. 

3. We are taught by the example of the 
serpent, the advantages of secrecy and re- 
tirement. He owes to them his safety and 
repose. In them we may find security, tran- 
quillity, and peace. Igi the sacred silence of 
retreat from the world the mind collects its 
powers and rebraces its energies. There we 

* So the name of the serpent iri Greek comes from the 
verb which signifies to see. 



tarn cernis acutum 



Quam aut aquila. aut serpens epidaurius." 

Hor. lib. 1. sat. 3. 

| Diod. 4. Ovid, me tarn. iv. 637. ix. 90. Hygin, tab. 30. 
Apollod. hi. c. 5. Hesiod. theogn. v. 215. 

It is strange that those who have pretended to explain the 
antient mythology have not discovered in this fable the li- 
neaments of resemblance to the history which Moses gives 
of the fall of man. One can surely see here the prohibited 
apples, the guarded tree, and the serpent. 



104 Masonic emblems explained. 

find leisure, opportunity, and inclination to 
think and to resolve : and there acquire the 
ability and the vigour to perform. There, 
too, we escape from temptation, disembarrass 
our perplexities, and get beyond the reach of 
care. There we acquire the knowledge of 
ourselves ; hear the " still small voice" of 
reason and of conscience which was drowned 
in the noise and bustle of life ; and there we 
find access to the divinity. " The eye which 
seeth in secret" beholds us with complacen- 
cy : while the benignity of his love hides us 
with sheltering safety in the recesses of his 
pavilion. 

4. The serpent is said to evade the force 
of the enchanter by laying one ear close to 
the ground, and stopping the other by the 
extreme end of his body.* Let us hence 
take a hint of caution to shut our ears to the 
enchantments of pleasure and voluptuous- 
ness, the spells of wealth, the delusions of 
ambition, and the temptations of sin. If we give 
ear to them we may be seduced from the se- 
cure condition of innocence and duty, to the 
ruinous one of guilt and apostacy. 

* Bochart. hieroz. torn. 2, 1. 3. c. 6. Calmet, dissert. 
i?i PsaL lviii. 4, 5. 



Masonic emblems explained. 105 

5. It is observed of serpents that they cast 
off their old skins in the spring, and a new 
one succeeds them, and they grow, as it were 
young again.* It may be proper for us, in 
imitation of this, to throw aside our rough 
exterior, and become smooth, pliant, and in- 
sinuating. Morosity and austerity are no 
parts of the wisdom we are recommending. 
They are " the superfluous matter which 
must be knocked off." External embellish- 
ment is not to be disregarded. Many peo- 
ple form their opinion at first sight. The out- 
ward deportment should be prepossessing : 
it should have a polished grace. Then it will 
prove a kind of letter of introduction to the 
good opinion of those who have not better 
means of knowing us. By becoming more 
agreeable we may render ourselves the more 
useful. But the man of roughness will be 
either neglected or despised. 

There is an inference yet more instructive 
and important to be derived from this pecu- 
liar circumstance in the history of the ser- 
pent. We are by it reminded of that moral 

* Epiphanius, speaking of this property of the serpent, 
says, hefiuts ojf his old age. See also Aristot, hist- an. 
1.8. So the antients represented iEsculapius with a snake 
in his hand, to signify his skill in renewing men's bodies 
which had been diseased. 

o 



106 Masonic emblems explained. 

renovation of our life religion enjoins. 
Would we become " wise unto salvation," 
we must " put off the old man, be renewed 
in the spirit of our minds, and put on the 
new man which is created in righteousness 
and true holiness." 

And, then still farther may we extend the 
metaphor to that more perfect transforma- 
tion, when our vile bodies shall be changed 
after the fashion of Christ's most glorious 
body, and this mortal shall be clothed with 
immortality. 

These three stages of advance, from un- 
formed roughness to complete perfection, 
are understood by my brethren of the lodge 
in a manner emphatically clear and import- 
ant. Here they involve some of the sub- 
limest mysteries of Free Masonry. But here 
a solemn awe pervades my soul ; nor would 
my trembling hand presume to draw aside 
the veil which hides the bright transcend- 
ency of wisdom. 

in. Let us turn, my brethren, from inef- 
fable wonders and overdazzling splendours 
to the contemplation of those mild and lovely 
graces prefigured to us in the symbol of the 
dove. Thus we cease to gaze at the glorious 



Masonic emblems explained. 107 

magnificence of the setting sun, to view the 
tempered radiance of the starry sky. 

Without dwelling upon particulars, it 
will be sufficient here to enumerate some of 
those qualities ascribable to the dove proper 
for our imitation. At the head of these are 

HARMLESSNESS, MILDNESS, and INNOCENCE. 

The bird has always been the emblem of 
these. Indeed it is so remarkable for being 
placid and gentle that the antients supposed 
it had no gall.* Doves are, also, familiar, 
friendly, and peaceable. They take inju- 
ries rather than offer them. They are like- 
wise signalized for being pure and chaste, 
very loving and very constant in affec- 
tion. They seem to have a social disposi- 
tion, and go in flocks. And they are said 
to be pitiful and compassionate. f Such 
lovely qualities have always insured them the 
protection and endeared them to the partial- 
ity of man. Lodges are erected for them 
near our houses ; and refreshment furnished 
them from our own supplies. And with such 
pleasing monitors, my friends, before our 

* Plin. nal. hist.l. 10. c. 34. Ovid metamorfi.\.7. v. 369, 
Clemens Alex, ficedag. 1. 1. c. 5. Tertul. de bafitismo y 
c. 8. Isiodor. orig. 1. 12. CLesarius, dial. 4. ap. 191. 
Horapollinis. hierogl.l. 2.c. 48. 

f These qnalities are alluded to in Isaiah xxxviii. 14. lix. 
11. Nah. ii. 7, 



108 Masonic emblems explained, 

eyes, shall we not be prompted and allured to 
every thing amiable, endearing, and kind ? 
Shall we not soar above each low and sor- 
did scene of vice and wanton folly, and stretch 
our eager pinions towards the sky? And, 
tired with earth and vanity, take to our- 
selves wings as a dove, and fly away and be 
at rest ! 

Thus, my hearers, have I endeavoured to 
convey to you some of the ideas which pre- 
sented themselves in contemplating our text. 
I hope the lessons of wisdom and innocence, 
will be allowed a general application, although 
the enumerated qualities of the one and the 
other are purely Masonic. Not that they 
are the prevailing features in every Mason's 
character ; for there are bad men among us, 
as well as amongst christians, and other asso- 
ciations for virtue. These are spots in our, 
and in their, feasts of charity. But the 
moralities pointed out are the acknowledged, 
appropriate, articles of every Mason's creed. 
In our lodges they are illustrated by the most 
expressive symbols, recommended by the 
most engaging examples, and enforced by the 
most pathetic lectures ; while the signet of 
heavenly truth stamps them, on every 
yielding receptive heart, in characters inde- 
lible. This solemn declaration I make in the 
fear of God, as well as love of the brethren. 



Masonic emblems explained, 109 

" Let us, therefore, as many as be perfect, be 
thus minded ; and, if in any thing ye be 
otherwise minded, God shall reveal even this 
unto you."* 

In conclusion, allow me to observe to you 
that though you should understand all mys- 
teries and all knowledge, and have not 
charity, it will profit you nothing. In vain 
is it, my brethren, that you have been illu- 
minated by a sun more glorious than that 
which rules the day, if its kindly beams have 
not warmed and melted your heart to soften- 
ings of love and generosity. " To do good, 
then, and to communicate forget not, for 
with such sacrifices God is well pleased."— 
An opportunity is now offered for that libe- 
ral bestowment of alms so grateful to the in- 
digent receiver, so honourable to the gene- 
rous bestower, and so acceptable to the 
Lord of mercy who acknowledges the small- 
est instance of relief done for one of the least 
of these his brethren as bestowed on himself. 

In pleading for the poor of this town I 
can use all the emphasis which confraternity 
in alliance and affection excites. Here are 
my dearest kindred and friends. Here first 
I drew the vital air ; and with it inhaled a 
sentiment of partiality for my native place 

* Philippians ill- 15 



1 10 Masonic emblems explained. 

which has blended itself with all the affec- 
tions of my heart,, and breathed in all my 
prayers to heaven. Having, with my belov- 
ed parents, shared deeply in the distresses 
and desolations which war occasioned here, 
most sensibly can I feel for those who yet 
sink under the accumulated pressure of dis- 
appointed expectations and penurious circum- 
stances. And devoutly do I hope that those 
who share a kindlier fate will now be excited 
tenderly to commiserate and bountifully to 
relieve their unfortunate brethren. 

Permit me, my fellow townsmen, on this 
day consecrated to the memory of worth departed, 
to tender you the condolences of my sympa- 
thy upon the recent death of two most valu- 
ed members of our community. A Russell 
and a Gorham are lost indeed to earth, 
though gained to heaven. To the circle of 
private relations and extensive friendship 
they were deservedly and invaluably dear : 
their removal from these is felt with all the 
poignancy of remediless grief. To the inter- 
ests of their country, of humanity, and of 
virtue, they were patrons whose loss is irrepa- 
rable. But they have left us the bright lega- 
cy of their example. Let us all strive to emu- 
late their never to be forgotten excellences ; 
and our names shall be recorded with theirs 
in the registry of immortal glory. 



BIS COURSE VII. 

ON ILLUSTRATING OUR PROFESSION 

BY 

EXAMPLE. 



■J 



DISCOURSE VII. 



Delivered at the Consecration of the Meridian Sun Lodge in 
Broohfield, September 12, 1798. 



Matthew v. 16. 

"Let your light so shine before men that they 
may see your good works, and glorify your 
father who is in heaven." 

A.S the sun, when he retires from 
the horizon, is succeeded by the planets and 
the stars, which irradiate the hemisphere he 
has quitted with a lustre, though more fee- 
ble, yet such as shews they partake of his 
brightness and supply his place : so when he, 
who is emphatically stiled the sun of right- 
eousness, was about to leave this earth, he 
ordained that the faithful should rise in his 
stead to enlighten the world in the know- 
P 



114 On illustrating our 

ledge of his truth, and diffuse its salutary 
influence through every region and every 
age. 

When, at the first creation, God said, let 

THERE BE LIGHT, AND THERE WAS LIGHT ; it 

was to the end that the darkness might be 
dispersed, and his w r orks became visible and 
his perfections manifest : and when, at the 
second creation our Lord Jesus Christ says, 

LET YOUR LIGHT SHINE "BE PORE MEN ; lie intends 

that those whom he had just called " the 
light of the world" should endeavour to dissi- 
pate the moral darkness of mankind by in- 
structing them in the doctrines of his gospel 
and by displaying the happy effects of his re- 
ligion in the purity of their lives and the 
lustre of their virtues. 

There is great propriety and beauty in 
the metaphor which he here used. Nothing- 
is more apt to attract the eyes and enliven 
the countenance than light; especially that 
which shines in a dark place : So nothing 
can more excite the observation, engage the 
attention, or gladden the hearts of beholders, 
than a fair, bright, and excellent character, 
-appearing in the midst of a dissolute, and 
corrupt generation. And, as all luminous 
bodies, in proportion to the degree of their 



profession by example. 115 

own brightness, diffuse their light around 
them, and at a distance enlighten other bo- 
dies ; so, in a moral and religious sense, a 
good example is a light shining in darkness, 
spreading its influence every way, diffusing 
instruction and knowledge, motives to refor- 
mation and encouragements to virtue. * 

There is observable in human nature a pe- 
culiar proneness to imitation. Hence some 
of our earliest habits are formed. In infancy 
we catch the ideas and conform to the man- 
ners of our parents and acquaintance. As 
we progress forward in life, we learn to fol- 
low and to copy those whom we respect as 
superiors, venerate as instructors, or love as 
friends. We assimilate to our associates, 
imbibe their opinions, and imitate their con- 
duct : We even take their mode of speech 
and tone of voice. Indeed, example has a 
kind of fascination or charm which it is 
almost impossible to resists It carries with it 
both instruction and encouragement. Whilst 
advice or precepts make only a slight impres- 
sion on the mind, and one which lasts for a 
very short time, example is a constant and 

* Cicero observes that the reason why we are formed, 
pleased and able to admire the beauty and regularity in the 
heavenly bodies, was to admonish us to imitate their con- 
stancy and order in the nobler beauty of a worthy^ behaviour. 



116 . On illustrating our 

powerful call to imitation.* It works, 
though gradually and imperceptibly, yet 
more powerfully and successfully than we are 
aware of; like light, silent in its operation, 
but wonderful in its effects. It has an elo- 
quence which reaches the heart. No lan- 
guage is more persuasive or instructive. It 
admonishes without exciting resentment, and 
corrects without giving offence, and thus 
possesses all the utility without the formality 
of reproof. 

As a good picture strikes us more forcibly, 
and gives a more adequate, lively, and im- 
pressive idea of the object represented by it, 
than any description by words could do ; so 
goodness or excellence of any kind represent- 
ed by precepts does not so powerfully move 
the affections as when we see it delineated in 
the life. Nor is there any thing which can 
so effectually recommend any system, and 
render it worthy of all acceptation, exclusive 
of its own intrinsic worth, as its beneficial 
and happy effects made visible in the charac- 
ters of its advocates. These carry with them 
undeniable evidence of the value of those 
principles from whence they flow, and whose 
tendency is thus conspicuously good. 

* " Validiora sunt txemfila quam verta, et filenius opere 
docetur quam voce." 



profession by example. 117 

In farther discoursing on the passage un- 
der consideration, I propose to shew, in the 
first place, to my hearers in general, the im- 
portance of a good example as exhibiting and 
vindicating the principles of Christianity ; 
and, secondly, apply the subject to the pre- 
sent occasion, by recommending to my bre- 
thren of the masonic family, a conduct which 
shall reflect lustre and honour upon the in- 
stitution to which they belong. 

i. It is the peculiar honour and glory 
of Christianity in its first promulgation 
that the behaviour of its professors was agree- 
able to the heavenly precepts they incul- 
cated ; that the integrity of their morals 
was answerable to the purity of their faith ; 
and that the goodness of their example and 
the holiness of their conversation, the irre- 
proachableness of their conduct, and the 
amiableness of their manners, adorned the 
doctrine they taught and gave it peculiar lus- 
tre in the eyes of the world. Prophecies had 
foretold its intent, and miracles announced 
its divinity ; but the life of its author and its 
followers exhibited the religion in its genu- 
ine influence and shew its intrinsic excellency. 
And it seems to have been the design of our 
Lord that in every after age it should extend 
itself by the internal evidence of its admira- 



118 On illustrating our 

ble precepts and the external display of its 
. benign effects. And, if its professors did but 
act up to their principles, an appeal might be 
made to their lives for the best recommenda- 
tion of their faith ; and less would need be 
written in defence of the gospel : For every 
doubt and every objection must yield to the 
loveliness of example and the eloquence of 
practice. When the graces of Christianity 
adorn the character, and its virtues dignify 
the conduct, its beauty must attract every 
eye and its worth gain on every heart. Men 
from admiring, will insensibly be induced to 
imitating such illustrious models ; which, 
u bettering all precept, shine before the world 
the fairest call to good." Such bright displays 
will not only be seen, but felt ; and may kin- 
dle, even in the coldest and most insensible 
hearts, a noble emulation. For a good ex- 
ample, as has been already intimated, has not 
only in itself a tendency to form the tempers 
and morals of others to an assimulation ; but 
it also places religion in a very engaging light, 
and naturally begets an esteem, love and 
choice of it in every observer. 

With the utmost propriety, then, did our 
Lord recommend to his disciples an exem- 
plary conduct, both as befitting the high and 
honourable office he had assigned them, and 



profession by example. 1 19 

as eminently conducive to its success in the 
world. 



What was their duty as teachers, is be- 
coming us, my hearers, as disciples. Espe- 
cially as we live at a period in which infide- 
lity in opinion and profligacy in manners are 
very prevalent. It is, therefore, highly ex- 
pedient that we give to our religion all the 
authority of our acknowledgment, and all 
the recommendation of our example : That 
by our conversation and conduct we may 
" exhibit lucid proof that we are honest in 
the sacred cause j" and that it may be appa-. 
rent in our " good works," that Christianity 
produces the'happiest effects, contributive to 
the improvement and felicity of man, and to 
the honour and glory of God. 

Be ye, therefore, shining professors and 
bright examples of religion in a dark ancj. 
misguided age ! Thus adorn the doctrine of 
God your Saviour, making your lives a faith- 
ful commentary upon it, and a high recom- 
mendation of it ! Thus win it admirers and 
gain it proselytes ! 

Let it be remembered, that our good 
works may be conspicuous without being 
ostentatious. The genuine and unaffected 



120 On illustrating our 

appearances resulting from righteousness and 
piety, may be exhibited without the danger 
of being even suspected of hypocrisy. We 
need not speak great things, but live them. 
We should, however, manfully avow what 
we sincerely believe ; and, by an open and 
visible attachment to duty, express our re- 
gard to the honour of God, and give resplen- 
dency to the christian name. 

It is true, that many of the good effects of 
our religion are the private exercises and sa- 
tisfactions of the heart, and known only to 
the Deity and our own souls : But yet there 
are many things which are made visible in 
the life ; these our acquaintance will notice, 
and from them judge of our real character. 
These, therefore, should be such as will exem- 
plify the excellent principles by which we 
are governed, such as men may behold with 
the greatest pleasure and follow with the 
greatest advantage ; such as may render us 
friendly luminaries, serving at once both to 
enlighten the paths and kindle the emulation 
of all around us. And it may reasonbly be 
expected, that such an experimental represen- 
tation of goodness as this, will induce a great 
many to become proselytes to religion. 



profession by example. 121 

The natural tendency of a good example 
to induce those who observe it to an imita- 
tion ; and the great probability there is that 
it will have this effect, upon some at least, if 
not upon all who see it, is a very powerful 
inducement to the faithful discharge of the 
duty we are recommending. Because, if it 
have this effect, we shall do the greatest kind- 
ness to our neighbour, obtain the most ample 
satisfaction and reward for ourselves, and 
bring glory to God in the diffusion of his 
truth : Any of which considerations alone is, 
and therefore, much rather are they altoge- 
ther, sufficient to stimulate all our endeav- 
ours, and to demand our best conduct. Let 
us not decline, then, giving sufficient out- 
ward proofs of being ourselves moved and 
actuated by a true spirit of godliness ; and 
let us strive, by all practicable and prudent 
methods to propagate the same in others. 
Let us impart freely our knowledge ; and, 
like the glorious luminaries of heaven, re- 
flect the light we receive ; and not be like 
those opaque substances which absorb or in- 
tercept every ray of brightness, and even cast 
a shade on each surrounding body. Let us 
" shine as lights in the world;" guiding 
others by the resplendence of our wisdom, 
and winning them to virtue by the lustre of 
our example ! 

Q 



122 On illustrating our 

These observations and counsels, are 
equally applicable to us all, my respected 
hearers, both as Christians and as Masons : 
And I feel a peculiar pleasure in affirming the 
intimate connection between the two cha- 
racters. We are alike " built upon the foun- 
dations of the prophets and apostles, Jesus 
Christ himself being the chief corner stone ; 
in whom all the building fitly . framed to- 
gether, groweth into an holy temple in the 
Lord." Indulge me, however, while I apply 
the subject, as I proposed, in the second place, 
by recommending to my brethren of the 
masonic family, in addition to the general 
duty of exemplariness as christians, the exhi- 
bition of such a conduct as shall reflect lustre 
and honour upon their own institution ; dis- 
playing its venerable character and illustrating 
its benevolent designs. 

Since many of our forms and operations 
are necessarily secreted from common inspec- 
tion, the generality of mankind will make 
up their opinion of the society from the de- 
portment of its members. This ought to 
serve as a very powerful call to every one 
of us, uniformly and openly, to display those 
qualities and virtues so strongly inculcated 
and warmly recommended in the lodge. To 
little purpose shall we commend the institu- 



profession by example. 123 

tion and boast the excellence of its principles 
and purposes, if our lives give not corrobora- 
tive evidence to our assertions and prove not 
the propriety of our encomiums. If we ap- 
pear neither wiser nor better than the unin- 
itiated, the world will begin to suspect the 
efficacy of our tenets ; and if no good effects 
are apparent, they will doubt whether any 
are produced. How necessary is it, there- 
fore, my brethren, that ye " be blameless 
and harmless, the sons of God without re- 
buke in the midst of a crooked and perverse 
nation, among whom ye shine as lights in 
the world!"* 

The conduct of those on whom so many 
eyes are fixed, must insensibly have a very 
considerable influence. As it is justly requir- 
ed that they should live up to the high cha- 
racter they assume, so their defects and ill 
conduct will disappoint the expectations they 
have excited, and eventually bring discredit 
upon their order. " If the light that is in 
them be darkness, how great is that dark- 
ness !"f 

At the same time there is no propriety in 
taxing us with every unreasonable prejudice, 
or making us accountable for every unfound- 

* Philip, ii. 15. f Matth. vi. 23. 



124 On illustrating our 

ed suspicion. If people will condemn our 
principles without examination, and decide 
upon our deeds without candour or justice ; 
we have no resource but in the inward con- 
sciousness of integrity and good intentions, 
and the outward display of such conduct as 
shall prove their censures unjust. And we 
will hope " by well doing to put to silence 
the ignorance of foolish men." Yes, my 
brethren, be it your care to confute all such 
illiberal censures as modern alarmists have 
belched out against Free Masonry, by shew- 
ing the good influence of the institution upon 
your tempers and lives. In spite of all their 
sneers, and all their invectives, it will still 
infallibly secure public approbation and pri- 
vate esteem, if your conduct elucidate its 
principles and is modelled by its precepts. 

As light is not held forth merely to mani- 
fest itself, but to shew some other useful 
thing which, without it, might have remain- 
ed in obscurity ; so your conspicuous worth 
will not only shew the brightness of your 
own characters, but lend a lustre to your so- 
ciety whereby it may be better understood 
and its nature more advantageously displayed- 

Whilst unitedly disposed to defend your 
order, be unitedly determined to preserve it 



profession by example, 125 

worthy of defence. Carefully guard against 
all innovations. " Remove not the old land- 
marks which your fathers have set." They 
are rendered venerable by antiquity, and sa- 
cred by religion. Preserve unaltered the dig- 
nity of its antient constitutions, and unadul- 
terated the primitive simplicity and pure mo- 
rality of its laws ; and Masonry will flourish 
in its pristine honours. 

May the lodge this day consecrated, be 
beautiful as the Sun in its brightness, cheer- 
ing and enlivening as its kindliest influences, 
clear and glorious as its noon-tide beams ! 
May the officers fill their spheres with light, 
and the members be radiant orbs around 
their centre ! May the brethren be glad- 
dened by their enlightened course, and re- 
flect and diffuse on all around, their splen- 
dour! 

Long, bright, and prosperous, be the fair 
and hopeful day which now shines upon you! 
May no mists of prejudice obscure, no en- 
vious disk eclipse its glory. 

Finally. Let us all my hearers, be ac- 
tively and eminently good. May our exam- 
ple and conduct in life prove a high recom- 
mendation and a fair illustration of our priiv 



126 On illustrating, &c, 

ciples, and reflect the brightest honour upon 
our profession and character. May our 
" light so shine before men, that they may 
see our good works and glorify our Father 
who is in heaven ;" and may we (having 
been wise, and happily instrumental in turn- 
ing many to righteousness) hereafter " shine 
as the brightness of the firmanent and as the 
stars forever and ever !" 



•DISCOURSE VIII. 

ON PRESERVING THE CREDIT 



OF THE 



INSTITUTION. 



DISCOURSE VIII. 



Delivered at tlvs consecration of Hiram Lodge^ in Lexington, 
October 17, 1798. 



ROMANS XIV. 16. 
LET NOT THEN YOUR GOOD BE EVIL SPOKEN OF. 

A HE Apostle had been suggesting some 
advice to the brethren with regard to their 
behaviour in matters of indifference. He as- 
serted the full extent of christian liberty ; 
but at the same time cautioned them not to 
abuse this liberty so as to give offence or 
occasion of stumbling to any man. In the 
words selected as our text, he enjoins it upon 
them so to order their conduct that their 
profession might never be reproached as coun- 
tenancing improper freedoms. He advises 
them, therefore, to abstain altogether from 

things, which, if not unlawful, were never- 
R 



130 On preserving the credit 

theless inexpedient ; and that what was too 
good to be given up, in condescension to po- 
pular opinion or prejudice, they must vindi- 
cate from misrepresentation and guard from 
abuse. 



You perceive, my hearers, that the pre- 
cept respects all ages of the world ; and will, 
unquestionably, be wise counsel, so long as 
misapprehensions and mistakes, want of can- 
dour and want of caution, remain amongst 
men. 

To wish to be well spoken of for what we 
do well, is natural and reasonable. Merit 
should obtain this reward. Exertion needs 
this encouragement. Nevertheless, " if do- 
ing well, we yet suffer reproach, to endure it 
patiently is acceptable before God."* At 
the same time it is possible that something 
in the manner or circumstances of our con- 
duct ma}^ take off from its beauty or les- 
sen its credit. Against this it becomes us to 
guard. 

I will mention a few instances. 

1. We expose our good to being evil spo- 
ken of, if we are too fond of displaying it ; 

* 1 Pet. ii. 20. 



of the Institution. 131 

and it may suffer from too great reserve. — 
The first will be ridiculed as ostentation ; the 
last, stigmatized as inexcusable timidity. 

2. Austerity, of manners, on the one hand ; 
and levity, on the other, may bring reproach 
upon our virtue. The former is forbidding, 
and produces aversion ; the latter renders our 
sincerity suspicious. 

3. Our good may be evil spoken of, if we 
discover in its defence too much, or too little 
zeal. " It is, indeed, good to be zealously 
affected always in a good thing." Yet, if 
our zeal be without knowledge, or be not 
duly tempered with prudence and charity, it 
will grow extravagant and rash, and will 
really injure the cause it professes to defend. 
At the same time not to shew any zeal, will 
appear like indifference. 

There is a certain medium in these cir £ 
cumstances which is to be aimed at and fol- 
lowed, if we would avoid giving offence. 

It would be impossible to point out every 
particular in which we may expose our good 
to be evil spoken of. Even small matters 
may induce suspicions or increase reproaches. 
A little inadvertence or neglect, a trifling im- 



132 On preserving the credit 

propriety or indiscretion, may tarnish the 
lustre of the highest virtues, and prevent the 
usefulness of the best of characters. 

How prudently, how cautiously, then, 
should we behave ! How circumspectly 
should we walk ! How carefully shun what- 
ever wears the resemblance of a fault or may 
be construed into a crime : Lest our very 
excellences pass under an ill name, or some 
flaws be found in our good qualities, which, 
though candour might be willing to over- 
look, ill- nature will not know how to spare. 
So that we must not only avoid evil, but 
the very appearance of evil : not only take 
care that our conduct be right, but that what 
is good in itself be not, through our inadver- 
tence or fault, disadvantageous^ exhibited to 
others. 

It is true there are some persons of so cap- 
tious and uncharitable a make, that it would 
be impossible for the most cautious to avoid 
their remarks or escape their censures. The 
exceptious may lay hold of some unguarded 
circumstance or other, misrepresent what is 
good, and by giving it a wrong turn or. 
appellation, spoil both its credit and effect. 
While the envious and malicious will be sa- 
gacious in discovering the weak side of every 



of the Institution, 133 

character, and dexterous in making the most 
and the worst of it. 



Thus circumstanced, how are we to con- 
duct ? How is it possible to steer clear from 
blame ? It may not be. But if we cannot 
escape reproaches, we may avoid deserving 
them. 

While we exercise every precaution to 
keep our good actions from any such spots 
or defects as those who watch for our halt- 
ing may wish to spy in them ; we should, 
also, more especially, beware lest we give any 
reasonable persons just cause to censure or 
condemn us. While we are careful not to 
furnish our enemies with any pretence which 
might justify their criminations, we should 
prudently refrain from every thing which 
would needlessly displease our friends. 

The rule we have been illustrating con- 
cerns societies, no less than single persons : 
societies of an order, in particular, who are 
more exposed to observation, and whose re- 
putation is of more special importance to 
themselves and to the public. 

At the present day when every thing is sus 
pected which is not fully known ; when the 



134 On preserving the credit 

very circumstance of mysteries in Christianity 
is made an excuse for infidelity ; when all 
antient establishments are become objects of 
jealousy ; and the very best things in the 
world are either neglected or contemned ; 
who, or what, shall be certain of exemption 
from "the strife of tongues?" and how can 
we be surprised that the institution of free 
masonry has met with secret and open ene- 
mies ; that the ignorant mistake, and the pre- 
judiced defame it? 

Convinced as you are, brethren, of the 
purity of your principles, conscious of having 
the warmest wishes for the benefit of man- 
kind, and of exerting yourselves in the cause 
of charity and virtue ; to meet with calumny 
instead of commendation, and reproaches in- 
stead of thanks, is a mortifying disappoint- 
ment. Hitherto you have patiently born the 
insults and the invectives with which the order 
has been unjustly loaded : ( hoping " by well 
doing to put to silence the ignorance of fool- 
ish men." But the " accusers of the brethren" 
have brought forward new accusations, and 
attempted to render suspicious your princi- 
ples, your intentions, and your conduct* To 
let these criminations circulate unanswered 
unrefuted, would ill become you. The noble 
spirit of conscious innocence rises indignant. 



of the Institution. 135 

And you delegate me, your humble advocate, 
this day, to plead your cause, to vindicate 
your tenets, and to refute the cavils and ex- 
pose the absurdity and injustice of the char- 
ges brought against our order. I undertake 
it ; regretting only that it will not be in my 
power to do justise to the subject, or to your 
expectations ; but hope that my frankness 
and sincerity will in some measure compen- 
sate for any deficiences in the execution. 

The moral good of Free Masonry is evil 
spoken of How unjustly will be evident from 
the statement I will now give you of its ten- 
ets on this subject. 

" To have faith and hope in GOD, the su- 
preme architect, and charity towards man, the 
master- workmanship of his hands," is among 
its first injunctions.* This is the key -stone 
of the arch, on which every other bears; 
which unites all to itself, and cements the se- 
veral parts into one solid, strong, and beauti- 
ful whole. But, as everyone is accountable on- 
ly to the Deity for his religious principles, 
and, as Masons are collected from various 
countries where they have been educated un- 

* See the Book of Constitutions, published by the 
Grand Lodge oi Massachusetts, part 1. chap, l.§. 1. * Of 
God and Religion-" 



136 On preserving the credit 

der different forms and establishments, only 
those great essentials and leading truths are 
insisted on in which all men agree ; contests 
about modes of faith are forbidden in the 
lodge ; and each one is left to his own con- 
science. At the same time it is well known 
that in all christianized countries Masons 
have proved the warm friends, admirers, 
and advocates of the gospel. But their ad- 
versaries have taken exception at this liber- 
ality of sentiment and conduct, and have 
charged the institution with demoralizing 
principles. Because Masons were neither 
bigots nor enthusiasts, they have inferred 
that they must be libertines and atheists. 

" To be guided by temperance in our per- 
sonal habits ; to havener titude to resist temp- 
tations and to check improper desires ; to 
let prudence be the ruler of our actions, and 
justice instruct us to render to every one 
his due;" is another of the moral lessons 
of Free Masonry. There can be nothing, 
surely, exceptionable in this. But the warm 
and frequent inculcations of charity, brother- 
ly-love, and general benevolence, are evil 
spoken of by those who are disposed to find 
fault. They ridicule them as "wire-drawn 
dissertations on the social duties;" inform- 
ing us that " all declamations on universal 



of the Institution. 137 

philanthropy are dangerous :".* and thus the 
social good of Free Masonry is evil spoken of 
But what then will be said of Christianity, 
for teaching the same doctrine of loving our 
neighbour as ourselves ; which extends this 
charity so as even to include enemies in the 
sphere of its beneficence ; and which denies 
the participation of its affections to none ? 
A pious divine hath remarked, that, " Phi- 
lanthropy owes much of its perfection to 
Revelation, which has enlarged its limits, 
extended its views, defined its degrees, and 
increased its objects. Human benevolence 
is heightened and finished to the last degree 
and in the utmost extent in the comprehen- 
sive scheme of christian charity."* 

Besides ; the universal benevolence which 
Masonry inspires is so far from being incon- 
sistent with the indulgence of the private af- 
fections and the observance of the lesser 
charities, that these are the very materials of 
which it is composed. " The top of the cli- 
max of affection cannot be reached without 
advancing through each intermediate step ; 

* See Mr. Robison's book about conspiracies, Seepage 
17, and 345. 

* Bidlake's sermons, vol. 1. p. 37, and more largely 
p. 194. 

s 



138 On preserving the credit 

nor is it possible to remain at the top, with- 
out resting on the ladder by which we have 
ascended." 



Because masons are styled free, and be- 
cause in the lodge they stand upon a level, an 
imputation is brought against them as favour- 
ing the modern notions of " Liberty and 
Equality."* Now the freedom which we pro- 
fess is perfectly consistent with order, with 
subordination, and with allegiance. And as 
to the equality we cultivate, it is only 4h at vol- 
untary and temporary condescension of supe- 
riors to inferiors which takes place during 
the meeting of the lodge ; where it is con- 
sidered as essential to unanimity and promo- 
tive of brotherly love.f When the members 
depart to mix again with the world, each 
man resumes his proper place in society, and 
retains that honour and respect to which he is 
entitled by his station, his talents, or his vir- 
tues. Perhaps this cannot be better express- 
ed than in the words of our constitutions :% 

* See " La voile retiree, fiar M. Le Franc."j 

f " Love subsists only by mutual kindnesses and compli- 
ances : its basis is that principle of equality wnich ought 
ever in some degree to reign between man and man, how- 
ever unequal be their condition in life." 

Dr. Enfield's sermons, vol. 2, p. 17. 

X Chap. iv. 



of the Institution. 139 

" You are to salute each other in a courteous 
manner, as you will be instructed, calling 
each other brother; freely giving mutual 
instruction, as shall be thought expedient, 
without encroaching upon each other, or de- 
rogating from that respect which is due to a 
brother were he not a mason : for though 
all masons are, as brethren, upon a level, yet 
masonry divests no man of the honours due to 
him before, or that may become due after, 
he was made a Mason. On the contrary, it 
increases respect, teaching us to add to all his 
other honours, those which as Masons we 
cheerfully pay to an eminent brother ; dis- 
tinguishing him above all of his rank and 
station, and serving him readily according to 
our ability." 

How strangely perverse must that judg- 
ment be, which infers from such premises 
that the institution has an unfavourable aspect 
upon society, as a levelling system, destruc- 
tive of the grades and distinctions of civil 
life, and fatal to the very existence of govern- 
ment and order ! ! 

This leads me to observe, in the last place, 
that, the political good of Free Masonry is, 
also, evil spoken of 



140 On preserving the credit 

In vain is it proved that the primary and 
essential laws and regulations of the Frater- 
nity, require of the members allegiance and 
submission to the government of the country 
in which they live ; and forbid, in the most 
positive and solemn manner, their engaging 
in any plots, conspiracies, or cabals.* In vain 
is it proved that in all ages and countries the 
Free Masons have been found to be good and 
peacable citizens, the friends of order and 
public tranquillity. Prejudice rejects all evi- 
dence, and is deaf to every plea. Bribery 
and corruption suborn false witnesses against 
the institution. Ministerial jealousy com- 
mences the prosecution, and a state pension 
pays the fees.f 

Nay, the Free Masons are taxed with the 
plans and enormities of a German club, with 
which they had no connection and no ac- 
quaintance : and whose principles and prac- 
tices are diametrically opposite to theirs, and 



* See the book of Constitutions, chap. 1. Sect. % " Of 
Government and the Civil Magistrate." 

f " See scribblers to the charge by interest led, 
The fierce North-Briton thundering at their head, 
Pour forth invectives, deaf to candour's call, 
And, injured by one alien, rail at all!" 

'* Churchill. 



Of the Institution, 141 

acknowledged to be so even by their most 
zealous opposer.* 

Thus, my hearers, have I briefly enumerat- 
ed the popular prejudices of the present day 
against Free Masonry. I need not attempt a 
formal confutation. It must be apparent to 
every candid examiner that they are illiberal 
and unjust. Time and experience will shew 
that they are so ; correct the mistakes that 
are now entertained, and establish the credit 
of the institution. Its pretensions will appear 
to be well founded. Its tendency to social 
improvement, to moral virtue, and to politi- 
cal tranquility, will be seen and acknowledg- 
ed. And it will emerge brighter and fairer 
from the cloud with which ignorance and 
prejudice seek to envelope and obscure it. 

In the mean time, my brethren, as the 
world will have something to say of us, it 
much concerns us for our own sakes and for 
the institution's sake that the report should 
be in our favour. For this purpose let us 
pursue the good that is essential to the or- 
der and which it is eminently calculated to 
produce. 

*See the various passages in Mr. Robi son's work in which 
he makes an abatement in favour of the English Masons : 
by which he ingeniously contrives, while criminating the 
whole % to exculpate apart, 



142 On preserving the credit ^ . 

And let me recommend to the brethren, 
at whose request I stand here that discreet 
behaviour as men and as masons which shall 
silence the tongue of reproach, remove the 
suspicions of prejudice, and smooth the frown 
of contempt ; which shall not only secure 
their good from being evil spoken of, but 
gain it the truest praise. 

May the lodge this day constituted main- 
tain a high credit in the increasing lists of 
Masonry ! May its benevolent and peaceful 
influence diffuse joy and gladness over these 
plains, made memorable by the massacre of 
those who fell victtfns of tyranny, -but martyrs 
to liberty ! From the shuddering recollec- 
tion of that horrid scene, let us turn to the 
happy contrast this day presents. Here are 
no instruments of destruction ; no clangour of 
battle ; no groans of slaughter ; no garments 
rolled in blood : only the emblems of love 
and the train of peace. A little band of 
brothers celebrate as a festival of joy the day 
which constitutes them a regular society, and 
consecrates their plans and purposes of charity, 
social virtue, and happiness. May these plans 
and purposes produce the most beneficial ef- 
fects ; evince the good of masonry, redeem 
its credit with the prejudiced, and establish 



of the Institution. 143 

it with the candid ! And may the society, in 
every part of the world, be influential in dif- 
fusing the light of wisdom, aiding the strength 
of reason, and displaying the beauty of virtue ; 
in lessening the aggregate of human misery 
and vice, and in extending the bounties of 
charity and the blessings of peace ! 



BISCOUUSE IX. 

ANSWER TO SOME POPULAR OBJEC- 
TIONS TO 

FREE MASONRY. 



DISCOURSE IX. 



Delivered at the Consecration of St. Paul's Lodge in Groton, 
August 9, 1797. 



EXODUS, XVI. 15. 

** AND WHEN THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL SAW IT THEY 
SAID ONE TO ANOTHER, IT IS MANNA, FOR THEY WIST 
NOT WHAT IT WAS. AND MOSES SAID UNTO THEM, THIS 
IS THE BREAD WHICH THE LORD HATH GIVEN YOU TO 
EAT." 

J. HE children of Israel, in their travels 
through the deserts of Arabia towards the 
land of Canaan, murmured against Moses 
and against the Lord because the scanty stores 
they brought from Egypt were nearly ex- 
hausted, and they were ignorant of the 
means for a new recruit. In particular they 
wanted bread. They were gratified by a 
miraculous providential supply. Bread was 



148 Popular objections 

granted them, bread from heaven ! mysteri- 
ous in its origin and character, but highly 
agreeable in its relish, salutary in its nature 
and nutritive in its qualities. 

There are circumstances, connected with 
its bestowment and reception, deserving our 
particular notice ; and the subject will lead 
to some reflections applicable to the society 
on whose account we assemble. With this 
view I propose the following method. 

1. To consider what notice was taken by 
the Israelites of the provision and refresh- 
ment, divinely furnished them ; 

2. Shbw what it really was ; and 

3. Apply the subject to the present occa- 
sion, by inquiring what is said of Free Mason- 
ry by those who know not what it is, and by 
describing its real nature and character. 

We are, first then to consider what notice 
was taken by the Israelites of the provision and 
refreshment furnished them by a special divine 
providence in the deserts of Arabia, 

No sooner did they see it than they cried 
out one to another " it is manna, it is manna. 



, considered and answered. 149 

for they knew not what it was." Whether 
this was an exclamation of surprise, a ques- 
tion of curiosity, or an expression of contempt, 
we shall not decide. Critics and commenta- 
tors seem at a loss how to understand it. — 
One says it is this and another that, for they 
know not what it is.* However, it is plain 
enough that manna, let it mean what it will, 
was not the proper definition nor description 
of the admirable provision. | And so Moses 
informed them by telling them, ' ' this is the 
bread which the Lord hath given you to eat." 
Notwithstanding, they persisted in giving 
their ow T n opinion of it, though they were 
unacquainted both with its name and nature. J 
What a strange contradiction ! But not 

* Vide Poll synops. criticorum, in loc. 

f The derivation of the word manna is variously given by 
learned men. Philo Jud^eus and Josephus make it to 
signify what is this ? and so do the lxx. and R. Solomon, 
R. Menachem, and others. Accordingly it is thus trans- 
lated in Matthew's, the Geneva, and Doway versions. — 
It is so rendered, also, by the celebrated Dr. Geddes. But 
Coverdale renders it '■''this is man's ;" our translation 
" it is manna" and others, " it is a portion" The declara- 
tion that " they knew not what it was," and the reply of Mo- 
ses, would lead one to suppose that the phrase before was 
a question. Our only surprize is that it should afterwards 
pass into a descriptive name. Thus we use a very vulgar 
phrase in speaking of something of which we have forgotten 
the name, and say, " the what, do you call it." 

X Compare Deut. viii. 3. where Moses expressly asserts 
their entire ignorance of it. 



150 Popular objections 

stranger than all are likely to fall into who 
pretend to decide upon matters which they 
do not understand. " They said one to 
another it is manna ;" and manna it has been 
called ever since. It is no easy matter to al- 
ter names. When people misjudge at first, 
it is very difficult to rectify their opinion.-— 
Ignorance is blind and perverse 4 prejudice is 
positive and obstinate. What is misconceived 
and misapplied seldom afterwards retrieves 
its real estimation. Men are apt to judge at 
large, reflect at random and condemn at a 
venture ; without waiting for a patient ex- 
amination or satisfactory evidence. Now, 
nothing can be more contrary both to equity 
and sound reason than such precipitate judg- 
ments. Those who build opinions upon con- 
jectures must often be in the wrong. They 
may make gross blunders, and do great injus- 
tice. The apostle Jude gives such a rebuke 5 
" These, says he, speak evil of the things they 
know not." It has been the practice of vul- 
gar ignorance to abuse what it could not com- 
prehend ; and to assert that there must be 
faults, where it had not the sagacity to dis- 
cover excellence.* 

* "Trifles light as air," often tried in the balance and 
found wanting, sink as deeply in unfurnished minds, and 
make as much impression there, as difficulties of a weight- 



considered and answered, 151 

ii. But I proceed to inquire what this won- 
derful provision really was ) about which they 
were so ignorant. 

That there should no doubt remain in the 
minds of those to whom it was sent, Moses 
informed them that it was the bread which the 
Lord had given them to eat. In like manner 
David calls it " the corn of heaven," and 
"angels' food."* The Scripture describes 
particularly its appearance and properties, 
and mentions its coming down with the 
dew ; alike the gift of refreshment from 
above. And it retains still its fame in the 
East, being called " celestial sweetmeat."! 
Nor can there be any propriety in denying 
to the gift its real character and intrinsic 
value, because its appearance was not prepos- 
sessing. It is sufficient that its origin was 

ier nature ; like feathers descending in a void with a force 
and velocity equal to that of much more substantial and 
massy bodies." 

Seed. 

* Psal. lxxviii. 24, 25. See also its true name in Nehemiah 
4x. 15. 

t " Les orientaux appellentla manne quitomba aux He- 
breux dans le Desert, la Dragee ou Confiture de la Toute 
Puissance, ceque les Arabessignifient par Haluat al Kodrat 
et les Turcs par Kodret Kalvasi." Herbelot, biblioth. 
Orientate. The Greeks called it aeromelU aerial honey. 
Athen. 1. 11, and Dios. lib. % cafi. 101. 



152 Popular objections 

divine, and its uses excellent. If this could not 
recommend it, we may expect that the best 
things and richest blessings will be treated 
with neglect or spurned with contempt. 

That it possessed remarkably palatable and 
nutritive qualities is evident both from the di- 
vine design of its bestowment, and from its 
use. The author of the book of Wisdom 
says that it so accommodated itself to every 
one's taste as to prove agreeable to all. His 
words are, " thou feddest thine own people 
with angels' food, and didst send them from 
heaven bread prepared without their labour ; 
able to content every man's delight, and 
agreeing to every taste. For thy sustenance 
declared thy sweetness unto thy children, and, 
serving to the appetite of the eater, tempered 
itself to every man's liking."* 

From modern samples of this substance, as 
it is gathered in the East, we perceive that it 
has the appearance of condensed honey, and 
a taste of agreeable sweetness. A late cele- 
brated traveller into Arabia says, " it is used 
now as sugar in several dishes ; it is nourish- 
ing, and when newly gathered has no purga- 

* Wisdom xvi.20, 21- 



, considered and ansxvered. 153 

tive qualities."* Its medicinal effects are 
probably occasioned by ' its being left some 
time ; in consequence of which it ferments 
in a degree, becomes candied, and loses its 
relishing taste and nutritive properties. To 
the Israelites, who were obliged to consume, 
each day, their given portion, it afforded an 
agreeable, nourishing, wholesome repast; 
and was their principle aliment during a pe- 
riod of forty years. Though liable to cor- 
ruption, it did not become bad unless im- 
properly used or unlawfully abused, f And 
the best things are perverted and debased by 
ill usage. 

It is also worthy of remark that it had 
moral tendencies. It was granted in daily 
showers, that they might be kept in a con- 
tinual thankful dependence upon divine 
providence. It was in such small grains, and 
was so scattered, that they were obliged early 
and seasonably to begin their work of col- 
lecting it, or they would fail of a supply. 
Thus were they taught industry ; and learned 

* Niebuhr, v. 2. p. 362 of the translation, and Father 
Pinolo, describing that of California which falls as is sap- 
posed with the dew, says, that, without the whiteness of re- 
fined sugar, it has all its sweetness. 

f Exod. xvi. 20 

u 



154 Popular objections 

that their own endeavours were to be united 
to the assistance and to co-operate with the 
grace of God. And a double portion on the 
last day of the week, and its non-appearance 
on the sabbath, gave them a very striking 
intimation that the institution of a day of 
actual rest from labour was to be religiously 
and devoutly observed. 

The manner too in which it was distribut- 
ed was admirably calculated to excite and 
encourage a spirit of liberality and generosity \ 
a willingness to impart to those whose indus- 
try had been less successful, or who were una- 
ble to gather for themselves : for in measuring 
their respective gatherings before they went 
to their tents, those who had collected a 
greater quantity than sufficed for their imme- 
diate need or use freely gave the overplus to 
those who had not enough. " So that he 
who gathered much had nothing over, and 
he that gathered little had no lack." In 
this sense the words are understood by the 
Apostle. 2 Cor. viii. 14, 15. who uses the 
passage as an apt illustration of his most ex- 
cellent argument for that happy equality, in 
the distribution of the good things of this 
life, which our mutual relation to each other 
and particular exigencies may require ; that 
he who abounds should willingly impart of 



considered and answered. 155 

his superfluity, so that he who is destitute 
may obtain a competent supply. 

It would be easy to point out the very 
striking resemblance which free masonry 
bears to the moral qualities and purposes here 
enumerated ; but it is too obvious to need a 
more particular reference. I shall, therefore, 
go on to make one more remark, in which 
the analogy is also apparent. 

After all, there were some things in the na- 
ture of this heavenly provision which could not 
easily be accounted for. Where it was prepared, 
and how it was made, they could not tell. — 
There they were in the dark. Why the 
same substance which melted and evaporated 
in the heat of the sun when it was left expos- 
ed in the field, should, only upon being 
brought into the tent, become of so conden- 
sed a consistence that it might be beaten to 
powder in a mortar or ground in a mill, and 
baked in an oven,* was beyond their com- 
prehension. And why it should be endued 
with such a religious reference to the obser- 
vation of the sabbath that none fell on that 
day, and a double quantity the day before, 
was a circumstance that excited their sur- 

* Numb- xl 9, 



156 Popular objections 

prise. Surprise sometimes degenerates Into 
Stupidity. Oftener than once they despised 
and lcathed this miraculous and delicious 
provision. 

Such is the pride of the human understand- 
ing that it has no great opinion of that which 
it cannot fully comprehend. Whatever has 
any thing of mystery in it is very likely to 
be slighted. Though it possess all the cha- 
racters of excellence, andall the recommenda- 
tions of utility, yet if it elude investigation 
and have some secret qualities " past finding 
out," doubts will be immediately entertain- 
ed whether it be " worthy of all accepta- 
tion ;" and opinions propagated tending 
to lessen its character and deny its import- 
ance. This was the case with regard to the 
heavenly refreshment furnished in the wil- 
derness to the Israelites. They valued it not 
because they lacked " the onions, the leeks, 
and garlicks of Egypt." Hear their discon- 
tented sneers! " But now our soul is dried 
away ; there is nothing at all, besides this 
manna, before our eyes."* A like spirit of 
disapprobation and rejection the same nation 
discovered of God's most precious gift. They 
murmured at Jesus because he said "your 

* Numb.xvi. 6. 



considered and answered. 157 

fathers did eat manna in the wilderness and 
are dead. I am that bread of life which 
cometh down from Heaven, of which if a 
man eat he shall live forever."* They reject- 
ed the Messiah before they adverted to the 
divine authority of his credentials. This 
and the former circumstance with which it 
was compared, could be only from preju- 
dice ; for prejudice is a judgment formed 
before hand without examination. How 
unreasonable and unjust must such a judg- 
ment be !f And how great a bar to all after 
information ! For, if the mind be warped by 
prepossessions, free enquiry into the merits of 
a cause is prevented. Prejudice restrains all 
candid interpretations of motives or princi- 
ples. It discolours every object ; or repre- 
sents it in a false light. It leads to a deci- 
sion equally ungenerous and unfair ; for it 
often presumes to consider the most slight 
and frivolous circumstances as satisfactory 
materials for confident assertion and decisive 
sentence. It is the immediate and copious 
source of evil surmises and unkind suspicions. 
It gives rise to a caviling censoriousness, 
mean insinuations, and sarcastic sneers. — 

* John vi. 41. 51. 

f " Qui statuit aliquid, parte inaudita altera, 
iEquum licet statuerit, haud sequus erit. 

Seneca in Medea, 



158 Popular objections 

Wherever there is a secret bias of mind 
previously formed, it will catch readily at 
every little incident and appearance to in- 
crease its own propension : and turn every 
current of observation into its own corrupt 
channel. It perverts and misrepresents the 
very best things ; turns honour into disgrace, 
merit into mischief, Christianity into supersti- 
tion, and virtue into vice. 

Cautioned and instructed by our subject, 
and the remarks which it has suggested, let 
us not, my hearers, form our opinion either 
of persons or things too hastily ; and never 
proceed upon surmises and precarious con- 
jectures. There is danger in making up a 
precipitate judgment. Hasty conclusions are 
the chief cause of all our mistakes and er- 
rors. Let us not forget to examine before 
we judge ; and to understand before we 
decide. To ridicule things we never took 
pains to enquire into, would be unfair. To 
condemn practices, the grounds and founda- 
tion of which we never examined and know 
nothing about, would be unjust and cruel. 
A discreet person will avoid being peremp- 
tory in his remarks and decline hazarding 
an opinion upon that of which he is 
either totally ignorant, or but partially in- 
formed. He follows the prudent counsel of 



considered and answered. 159 

the antient wise man ; " blame not before 
thou hast examined the truth. Understand 
first, and then rebuke. Answer not before 
thou hast heard the cause ; and strive not in 
a matter that concerneth thee not." " He that 
answereth a matter before he heareth it, it is 
folly and shame unto him." Upon the same 
principle of equity is that maxim in common 
law, "every man is presumed to be inno- 
cent till he is proved to be guilty." No one 
is to be arraigned without evidence, nor con- 
demned before he has made his plea of de- 
fence. Verdict is never passed upon a cause 
unheard. 

It is a good rule in all doubtful matters 
to suspend our opinion, at least till positive 
proof is obtained on which to found it. Un- 
til -we have fully ascertained the real state'of 
the case, let us always be willing to put the 
fairest construction it will admit ; and even 
to hope the best of a thing where appearances 
are against it. Where doubt hesitates, let can- 
dour prompt; and where justice balances, let 
mercy prevail. Even where we find ourselves 
obliged to blame the principles of a certain 
sect or party, let us not be so uncharitable as 
to confound all its adherents and follow- 
ers under one general indiscriminate censure. 
Especially let us not charge them with such 
consequences of their tenets as they disavow. 



160 Popular objections 

Lastly : where we know but in part, 
and see but in part, we will have the mod- 
esty not to presume to decide upon the 
whole. Carefully will we avoid all prejudice, 
and all asperity of opinion. We will be kind 
and liberal both in sentiment and conduct ; 
encourage in ourselves and approve in others 
whatever tends to promote the interests of 
mankind and contribute to the refreshment 
of life ; and will humbly hope by the exer- 
cise of amiable dispositions and beneficent 
actions towards each other, sanctified and 
perfected by piety towards God, to become 
prepared for that glorious society on high, 
where we shall be permitted to eat of the 
hidden manna, and honoured also with the 
possession of the white stone in which 
is the new and mysterious name written 
which no man knoweth saving he that re- 
ceiveth it.* 

I have dwelt the longer upon this part of 
the subject because from prejudice, as well as 
from ignorance, arise most of the objections 
against free masonry, and all the misrepre- 
sentations of its principles and practices.! As 

* Revelations ii. If. 

f " Of all societies, ancient or modern, the most worthy 
and repectable is the order of Free Masons, which society 



considered and answered. 161 

the origin of such dislike to our institution 
is so well known, it might be deemed paying 
too great respect to its cavils to take any no- 
tice of them all. In general it is best to 
despise the invectives of calumny and smile at 
the impotence of malice ; to disdain tak- 
ing any notice of groundless surmises ; and 
not to give ourselves the trouble of listening 
to the queries of the ignorant, or of confut- 
ing the opinions of the prejudiced and cap- 
tious. But lest it should be thought that we 
are desirous of evading an answer from an 
inability to vindicate, we shall now conde- 
scend, as was proposed, 

III. To inquire what is said of 'free masonry 
by those who " know not what it is." 

The opinion of the initiated is well known. 
They all unite in commending the society 
with a warmth that borders upon enthusi- 
asm. They discover an attachment to it, at 
which ignorance wonders ?xi<i prejudice sneers. 

has been rendered very famous and spread themselves with 
inconceivable celerity into every corner of the -world where 
arts and learning have found a name. But their worth has 
also raised them up many enemies, who are the less to be 
pardoned, as the only motive of their intemperate rancour 
is their ignorance." See the Apology for the Free Ma- 
sons, occasioned by their persecution in the Canton of Berne, 
Translated from the French. Frankfort, 1748. 12mo. 

X 



162 , Popular objections 

One of the most frequent objections urged 
against free masonry, is " the profound secre- 
cy observed upon certain parts of the institution." 
It is queried how it is consistent with those 
principles of good will we profess, to conceal 
any thing from the world. We answer, that 
the principles and privileges of the institution 
are open to all such as are qualified to receive 
them : but of these qualifications we must 
reserve the power of judging for ourselves.* 
To the wise and virtuous the arcana of the 
craft, under proper sanctions, are freely com- 
municated. But to reveal them to the igno- 
rant and vicious, would be prostituting their 
purpose and profaning their sanctity. To di- 
vulge them in common, would be to annihi- 
late the society : because they are its distin- 
guishing features, the characteristics of the 
order, and the means of its preservation. — 
Without them, therefore, it could not sub- 
sist. Besides, were all men acquainted with 
them, without regard to selection or desert, 
the peculiar obligation to good offices arising 
from the institution would revert back to the 



tyx.*rtct7rctg/j.iv<tc towtg/c ivtvot&c /u» iir*Q*.yvy.vouv<Tc*v i «AA.' svuJu /uu&ov 

<nrPOil*.TH%OUV<TU)V. Tc/C <k iTTOTt] /JCa>TS(>0<C KXl «tV(*X.TCg&>V tVTOf. T« Wt/£fOg« 

ran ovtchv xn/urau^t, pnyavrtgoy Tikovvrur. T«to It x.<ti »/uiv, (v/uivia /utv 
u» rw t'gx^wivaiv. T«t fjivzuceTt^tt <T« (< alulae vtyn ts7//w»0-SW 

Hziuio-DORxis, JEthiofi. lib. ix. p. 424. edit. 1619. 



considered and answered, 163 

general duty of all mankind, and be subject 
to all those deductions it now meets with in 
the world at large, and against which it is 
our endeavour to guard. 

However, to have secrets is not peculiar 
to free masonry. Every trade, every art, 
and every occupation, has its secrets, not to 
be communicated but to such as have become 
proficients in the science connected with 
them, nor then but with proper caution and 
restriction ; and often times under the guard 
of heavy penalties. Charters of incorpora- 
tion are granted by civil governments for 
their greater security, and patents for their 
encouragement. Nay every government, 
every statesman, and every individual, has 
secrets, which are concealed with prudent 
care, and confided only in the trusty and 
true. 

We only claim a like indulgence ; " that 
of conducting ourselves by our own rules, 
and of admitting to a participation of our 
secrets and privileges such as choose to apply 
for them upon our own terms. So far from 
wishing to deprive any one of the light we 
enjoy, we sincerely wish all the race of men 
were qualified to receive ; and if so, our 



164 Popular objections 

door shall never be shut against them, but 
our lodge, our hearts and souls, shall be open 
to their reception."* 

Nothing more surely, need be said in 
apology for the mystery and concealment 
free masons profess. I will proceed to ano- i 
ther objection allied to the foregoing, which 
ignorance also has surmised and prejudice 
propagated. 

It is pretended that " all who are initiated 
must swear to conceal certain secrets before they 
are communicated to them, or they have it in 
their power to examine their nature and tenden - 
cy: and that this practice is unlawful. There 
would be some force in this objection were 
the obligation in itself immoral, or the com- 
munications and requirements incompatible 
with the great laws of religion or civil socie- 
ty : the very reverse of which is the case. 

What the ignorant call " the oath" is 
simply an obligation, covenant, and promise, 
exacted previously to the divulging of the 
specialties of the order, and our means of 
recognizing each other ; that they shall be 

* Rev. J.Mc Conochie's sermon before the Fraternity 
at Penrith, 1796. p. 22. 



considered a\\d answered. 165 

kept from the knowledge of the world, lest 
their original iiitent should be thwarted and 
their benevolent purport prevented. Now 
pray w hat harm is there in this ? Do you not 
all, when you have any thing of a private na- 
ture which you are willing to confide in a 
particular friend before you tell htm what it is, 
demand a solemn promise of secrecy ? And, 
is -there not the utmost propriety in knowing 
whether your friend is determined to conceal 
your secret before you presume to reveal it? 
Your answer confutes your cavil. 

It is further urged against free masons 
that " Their society is not founded on universal 
benevolence, because they oblige themselves to be 
kindest and most generous to their own members." 
That our first and choicest services are paid 
to our brethren, is true ; but then we think 
it would be the greatest injustice if it were 
otherwise. Certainly a difference ought to 
be made between those who have a claim 
upon our assistance and charity, and those 
who have not. As our benevolence can reach 
only a few of the infinite number that need 
comfort and support, some discrimination is 
necessary : and what more proper than to 
give a preference to those who are allied to 
us by the strict bands of brotherhood and 
affection ? So the apostle exhorts the chris- 



166 Popular objections 

tians to do good as they have opportunity to 
all men ; but enjoins their special and distin- 
guishing regards to such as are of the house- 
hold of faith:* 

Yet though we give a decided preference 
to such as have been tried, and proved, and 
found to be worthy; and have, in conse- 
quence, been made members of the ma- 
sonic family ; we are known to profess and 
practice charity unconfined and liberality 
unlimited, and to comprehend in the wide 
circle of our benevolence the whole human 
race. 

It is, also, frequently argued against free 
masonry that " some of those who belong to it 
are intemperate, profligate, and vicious." But 
nothing can be more unfair or unjust than to 
depreciate or coudemn any institution, good 
in itself, on account of the faults of those 
who pretend to adhere to it. The abuse of a 
thing is no valid objection to its inherent 
goodness. Worthless characters are to be 
found occasionally, in the very best institu- 
tions upon earth. " If the unworthiness of 
a professor casts a reflection upon the profes- 
sion, it may be inferred, by parity of reason, 

* Galat. vi. 10. 



considered and answered. 167 

that the misconduct of a christian is an argu- 
ment against Christianity. But this, is a con- 
clusion which, I presume, no man will allow ; 
and yet it is no more than what he must sub-* 
scribe who is so unreasonable as to insist on 
the other. "* Nor is it any evidence that 
civil laws and political institutions are hurt- 
ful or unserviceable because there are cor- 
rupt citizens and disorderly members of a 
community. 

The fact is, the best things may be abused. 
The bread of heaven grew corrupt when used 
indiscreetly. The common blessings of life 
are turned into curses if misapplied. 

When you see base and unworthy men 
among the free masons, depend upon it, 
the fault is not in the institution, but in 
themselves. They have deviated from the 
principle of the craft. They have counte- 
racted their profession, and are as bad Ma- 
sons as men. 

The greatest precautions are used to pre- 
vent the admission of unworthy characters. 
If from want of proper information, or from 

* See the excellent sermon of the Rev. Brothel* Brock- 
well, preached at Boston, 1T49. 



168 Popular objections 

too charitable constructions, such are introduc- 
ed, we deeply regret the mistake, and use every 
proper method to remedy the evil. 

Nor do we pretend to say that those only 
in whom we were deceived 'bring discredit 
on the institution. There may be in mason- 
ry, as there has been in Christianity, a falling 
away, or a fading in the once famed good- 
ness of many of its members.* Some there 
are who have been admitted with the best 
proofs of a good, a faithful, and a well sub- 
stantiated character. Their name was beau- 
ty, and their actions praise. Their families 
were happy, their neighbourhood satisfied, 
and the community honoured, by their vir- 
tues and their worth ; and masonry itself 
boasted the uprightness, constancy, and inte- 
grity with which they were distinguished. 
But now, alas ! all, perhaps, have reason to 
lament, " that the fine gold is become dim, 
and the most pure gold'changed." 

Such defections, you must be sensible, are 
not unfrequent in all societies : for, in this 
fallen world, societies are formed of men ; 
and men are fallible, imperfect, frail. But 
whether such disasters, such apostacy, should 

* Rev. J. Inwood's serm. atDavtford, G- B. 1796. 



considered and answered. 169 

reasonably disgrace the institution, or be 
thought proofs of its immorality, judge ye : 
but " judge righteous judgment." 

We do not hesitate to appeal to the world 
in justification of the purity of our moral 
system. Our constitutions are well known. 
We have submitted them freely to general 
investigation. We solemnly avouch them as 
the principles by which we are governed, the 
foundation on which we build, and the rules 
by which we work. We challenge the most 
severe critic, the most precise moralist, the 
most perfect christian, to point out any thing 
in them inconsistent with good manners, fair 
morals, or pure religion. We feel assured 
that every one who will take pains to consult 
the book must be convinced that the institu- 
tion is friendly to the best interests of man- 
kind, well calculated to meliorate the dispo- 
sition and improve the character, and to adorn 
its faithful adherents with every natural, so- 
cial and moral virtue. 

IV. This remark leads me to shew as I 
proposed, in the last place, what free mason- 
ry really is. 

It is a moral order of enlightened men, 
founded on a sublime, rational, and manly 
Y 



170 Popular objections 

piety, and pure and active virtue; with 
the praise -worthy design of recalling to our 
remembrance the most interesting truths in 
the midst of the most sociable and innocent 
pleasures,* andof promoting, without osten- 
tation, or hope of reward, the most diffusive 
benevolence, the most generous and exten- 
sive philanthrophy, and the most warm and 
affectionate brotherly love. The mem- 
bers are united together by particular obli- 
gations, and acquainted by certain signs and 
tokens preserved with inviolable secrecy, from 
remotest ages. These were originally adopt- 
ed in order to distinguish one another with 
ease and certainty from the rest of the 
world ; that impostors might not intrude 
upon their confidence and brotherly affection, 
nor intercept the fruits of their beneficence. 
They become an universal language, which 
" notwithstanding the confusion of foreign 
tongues, and the forbidding alienation of cus- 
tom, draws from the heart of a stranger the 
acknowledgment of a brother, with all its at- 
tending endearments." 

The decorations and symbols of the craft 
which are those of a very common and use- 

* " miscuit utile dulci, 

delectando, pariterque monendo." Horace. 



considered and answered. 171 

ful art,* and the phraseology, which is bor- 
rowed from its higher orders, serve to cha- 
racterise an institution which might justly 
claim more noble devices ; and at the same 
time are used either as emblems or indica- 
tions of the simplest and most important 

MORAL TRUTHS. 

It collects men of all nations and opinions 
into one amiable and permanent association, 
and binds them by new and irrefragable ob- 
ligations to the discharge of every relative 
and moral duty : and thus becomes the most 
effectual support and brightest ornament of 
social life, and opens a wider channel for the 
current of benevolent affections, and a new 
source to human happiness. 

Its laws are reason, and eqjjity : its prin- 
ciples, benevolence, and love ; and its reli- 
gion, purity and truth. Its intention is 
peace on earth ; and its disposition, good 

WILL TOWARDS MEN. 

" I think (says a line write rf) we are 
warranted in concluding that a society thus 
constituted, and which may be rendered so 
admirable an engine of improvement, far 

* Architecture.' 

- f Rev. Dr. Milne, Grand Chaplain, in a sermon before 
the Grand Lodge of England, 1788. 



172 Populcu* objections 

from meriting any reproachful or contu- 
melious treatment, deserves highly of the 
community; and that the ridicule and af- 
fected contempt which it has sometimes 
experienced can proceed only from igno- 
rance or from arrogance; from those, in 
fine, whose opposition does it honour, whose 
censure is panegyric, and praise would be 



Assuredly then, my hearers, you will 
with me congratulate the members of St. 
Paul's lodge on the agreeable event of this 
day. 

Right worshipful MASTER, worshipful 
WARDENS, respected OFFICERS, and 
beloved BRETHREN. 

Accept my affectionate salutations ; accept 
the felicitations of all the friends of masonry. 
We are pleased with your harmony and 
zeal, and rejoice in your establishment and 
prosperity. Your success is connected with 
the best interests of humanity. May the 
social virtues you cultivate and the heart- 
felt pleasures you experience in the lodge, be 
your companions through life ! Their mild 
influence, their benignant spirit, will animate 
every scene of duty, alleviate every corrosion 



considered and answered. 1 73 

of care, heighten every sensation of joy, and 
in the hour of dissolution shed divine trans- 
port on your souls. 

Let all my brethren present be willing I 
should remind them that in vain do we 
attempt the vindication of our most excel- 
lent society, or the commendatory descrip- 
tion of its purposes and requirements, if our 
conduct contradict our profession. Let us 
then be cautious to avoid all those impro- 
prieties and vices which might tarnish the 
lustre of our jewels, or diminish the credit 
of the craft. Masonry will rise to the zenith 
of its glory if our lives do justice to its noble 
principles, and the world see that our actions 
hold an uniform and entire correspondence 
with the incomparable tenets we profess. 
Thus we shall " obtain a good report of 
them that art without;" " and those who 
speak evil of us will be ashamed, seeing they 
falsely accuse our good conversation" and 
misrepresent our generous purpose. " For 
so is the will of God that with well doing 
ye may put to silence the ignorance of fool- 
ish men." 

Remember that we are the associated 
friends of HUMANITY ; that our sacred uni- 
on embraces in its philanthropy the amities 



174 , Popular objections, Ssfc. 

of the gospel ; and that charity in its kind- 
est exercise and largest extent is our distin- 
guishing characteristic. Others wear the 
warmth of summer in their face, and the 
coldness of winter in their heart; but a Ma- 
son's disposition should be mild as the breeze, 
open as the air, and genial as the sun ; cheer- 
ing -and blessing all around him : and his 
deeds pleasant as the clear shining after the 
rain ; and refreshing as the dewy cloud in a 
harvest day.* 

May the assembly at large be convinced that 
prejudices against free masonry are ill 
founded, and that the Society is worthy of 
high encouragement and warm commen- 
dation. 

Finally ; let us all pray that the privi- 
leges of equal right may be widely extended, 
and all men become free : that wars and con- 
tentions may be forever terminated : that 
peace and happiness may be the uninterrupt- 
ed enjoyment of all mankind : and to God 
ascend the universal, united, unceasing as- 
cription of love and joy and praise \ 

* Isaiah xviiL 4. 



DISCOURSE X, 

EXAMINATION OF THE MODERN PRE 
JUDICES AGAINST 

FREE-MASONRY. 



DISCOURSE X 



Delivered at the consecration of King David's Lodge > in Taunton, 
August, 28, 1799. 



Romans x. 3. 



WE BE SLANDEROUSLY REPORTED, AND SOME AFFIRM 
THAT WE SAY, LET US DO EVIL THAT GOOD MAY COME. 

W HEN partiality is so busily endeav- 
ouring to render suspicious the besf: actions, 
and prejudice so artful in throwing out insin- 
uations to the disadvantage of the worthiest 
characters, who can expect to escape " the 
strife of tongues ?' ? Especially as the ignorant 
and the evil minded are ever ready to adopt 
the surmise, however improbable ; and to give 
currency to the imputation, however unjust. 



178 Examination of the modern prejudices 

Even our blessed Lord, the holy and im- 
maculate Jesus, " Avas despised and rejected 
of men." Not all the wonderful works that 
distinguished his ministry, not the divinity 
of his preaching, the disinterestedness of his 
conduct, nor the sanctity of his morals, could 
secure him from the opposition of party and 
the rage of malignity. He forewarned his 
disciples of a similar treatment ; and told 
them that they must expect to meet with un- 
kind usage, bitter reproach, and violent per- 
secution, as well as he.* Accordingly " in 
every city they had trial of cruel mockings, 
and scourgings, yea moreover of bonds, and 
imprisonments, and tortures. f They were 
* :c a sect every where spoken against." The 
apostles were reproached as being pestilent, 
factious, turbulent, and seditious fellows. J 
They were not only accused of conspiring 
against the government of their nation and 
the peace of the world; 5 but also, of aiming 
to overthrow the religious establishment of 
their own country, and of all others. || 
Not only were there imputed to them prac- 
tices that were dangerous, but principfes that 
were unjust. So St. Paul intimates, in the 
passage selected as a text, that there were 

* Matt. x. 24—26. \ Hcb. xi. 36. % Acts xxiv - 5 > 6 - 
§ Acts xyii. 6. || Acts vi. 13, 14, xviii. 13. 



, against Free Masonry. 179 

those who charged him and his fellow labour- 
ers in the propagation of the gospel, with hold- 
ing tenets that he destested. He says no more 
in confutation of the vile imputation than that 
those who profess and practice upon such a 
principle deserve and will receive the high- 
est condemnation : but to attribute to him 
and his associates such a motive, was a false 
and insidious charge. 

Thus we see that the best men and the 
worthiest conduct may be misrepresented 
and slanderously reported : and that the 
purest purposes and the noblest exertions 
in behalf of virtue, humanity, and peace, have 
been stigmatized by some, and opposed by 
others. 

The most unfair and disingenuous, need I 
add the most successful mode of attack, is to 
insinuate that the design, however plausible, 
is mischievous ; or, that the en d, however 
commendable, is effected by means reprehen- 
sible and unjust. 

The base and vile doctrine of " doing evil 
that good may come," or, in other words, 
that " the end justifies the means," has also 
been alledged against the free masons. Or, 
rather, it is expressly asserted of the Jesuits 



180 Examination of the modern prejudices 

and Illuminees* by authors who designedly im- 
plicate and involve our society with those 
corrupt associations : declaring it to be form- 
ed upon the same plan, founded on the same 
principles, and furthering the same designs. f 
To be sure they make some reserves and 
abatements in favour of Free Masonry ; but 
still assert it to be the fatal source to which 
all these bitter and destructive streams are to 
be tracedj. 

I doubt not, my brethren, but it will strike 
your minds with surprise and astonishment, 
not unmixed with indignation and horror, 
to be informed that our venerable and antient 
Fraternity is implicated with the infidels, 
atheists, and disorganizers of the present day 
in a charge of no less atrocity, than a preme- 
ditated design, a long preconcerted plan, to 
destroy the religion of Christ, to subvert 
every established government upon earth, 

* See Abbe Barruel's history of Jacobinism, v. 3. 
New York edition,]). 61, 93, and 189. Professor Robison, 
Proofs of a consfiiracy agai?ist the Religions and Govern- 
ments of Europe carried on in the secret meetings of Free 
Masons, Illuminati, 8cc." 

f Barruel, vol. 3, p. 12, note, 91, 156, &c. Professor 
Robison, Philadelphia edit. p. 83,. 42, 72, 75, 342, Sec/ 

X Barruel, vol. 3. p. 11, 38, 41, 52, 87, 152, 8cc. Pro 
jfcssorRoBisoN, p. 15, 165, 343, &c. M. Lie Franc, " la 
-voile retiree" 



against Free Masonry. 181 

and to overthrow every system of civil society 
which the virtuous ingenuity of man has 
been able to invent, with a view to improve 
and secure the happiness of the world !* 

Looking into yourselves, my brethren, 
and feeling conscious of the purity of your 
own intentions ; referring, too, to the princi- 
ples of our antient and hitherto respected 
institution you are at a loss even to conjec- 
ture the motive for fabricating an allegation 
so unfounded, and bringing forward an im- 
putation so undeserved and so unjust. 

By artful insinuations, forced construc- 
tions, and palpable misrepresentations, mod- 
ern alarmists have ascribed to the Free 

* The Abbe BARkuELhas this assertion : " Irreligion and 
unqualified Liberty and Equality are the genuine and origi- 
nal secrets of Free Masonry, and the ultimatum of a regu- 
lar progress through all its degrees." And Professor Rob- 
ison declares, that " the Mason Lodges in Franee were 
the hot-beds, where the seeds were sown and tenderly rear- 
ed of all the pernicious doctrines which soon after choaked 
every moral or religious cultivation, and have made the 
Society worse thanu waste, have made it a noisome marsh 
of human corruption, filled with every rank and poisonous 
weed." And again ; Germany has experienced the same 
gradual progress from Religion to Atheism, from decency 
to dissoluteness, and from loyalty to rebellion, which has 
had its course in France. And I must now add, that this 
progress has been effected in the same manner, and by the 
same means ; aud that one of the chief means of seduction 
has been the Lodges of Free Masons." 



182 Examination of the modern prejudices 

Masons principles which they hold in detes- 
tation, motives to which they are strangers, 
and actions of which they were not authors. 
They blend them with societies to which 
they have no affinity: mere political clubs 
whose intentions and pursuits are diametri- 
cally opposite to our's and altogether in- 
consistent both with our rules and disposi- 
tions. 

For those excesses, those moral and po- 
litical evils which have of late not only 
spread war and confusion, and every evil 
work through the kingdoms of Europe, but 
endangered the security and peace of the 
world : the advocate for Free Masonry has 
no apology to oifer. He contends only that 
they are not the fruits of his system, and 
cannot with any truth or justice be ascribed 
to it : but must be attributed solely to the 
corrupt schemes and wicked devices of those 
designing and bad men who were their real 
authors or abettors. 

It is possible that the artful and daring 
heads of " the antichristian, the antimonar- 
chical, and the antisocial conspiracy,' 5 ' about 
whom so much has been written and said, 
may have assumed the name of Masons and 
professed to shelter their secret meetings for 



against Free Masonry. 183 

plots and cabals under the pretence of hold- 
ing a lodge. But, God forbid ! that the inno- 
cent should be confounded with the guilty, 
or that Free Masonry should be accountable 
for projects or condemned for practices which 
it could never countenance. Long and deep- 
ly shall we have to regret that the opinion 
which the public had entertained of a peace- 
able and undesigning society should be thus 
abused. But the candid observer will do us 
the justice to acknowledge that the harmless 
fold are not accountable for the mean dupli- 
city, the base designs, or the bloody ravages 
of the wolves in sheep's clothing.* 

The visionary fancies which modern phi- 
losophistsf may have annexed to Free Ma- 
sonry, the absurd and extravagant errors they 
have attempted to father upon it, are foreign 

* " It is sufficiently in proof that the founders of different 
conspiracies, aware of the secrecy permitted to the pro- 
ceedings of the fraternity of Masons, have assumed that 
character, and availed themselves of the credit given to 
that institution, in order to render unsuspected tiie tenden- 
cy, and undetected the progress of their own abominable 
machinations- From what we have heard and. read, we are 
persuaded;, that the fundamental principles and general 
practices of Free Masonry are as opposite to those of the 
Iliuminees, of the Propaganda, or of any other sect in hos- 
tility to good order and government, as light to darkness, or 
good to evil." 

London Review, Aug. 1797. 

f -The Martiuists, Eclectics, Cagiiostros, &c. 



184 Examination of the modern prejudices 

• 

and illegitimate. We disavow and disown 
them. They bring discredit upon those who 
would incorporate such vanities with our sys- 
tem : but they debase not the purity of our 
original constitution. They can be urged 
only to shew the arts and wickedness of in- 
triguing men ; and impeach not the natural 
tendency of an establishment, whose every 
precept, form, and ceremony, inculcates vir- 
tue, assists order, and disposes to peace. — 
And no one supposes it an argument against 
Christianity, or that impeaches its divinity, 
that the corruptions of popery or the scan- 
dals of mahometanism have been engrafted 
upon it : nor is it a reproach to its truth, that 
false professors and false doctrines have 
abused the sanction of its name. Such im- 
postures were predicted by the highest au- 
thority ; and, while they have faded away, 
the permanency of that sublime and rational 
system has been a strong proof of its divine 
origin and superior excellence. And we are 
assured that genuine free masonry will long 
survive the imitations of imposture and the 
attacks of misrepresentation. 

We cannot too often repeat, that, while 
our institution is known to require a firm be- 
lief in the existence, a devout reverence for 
the character, and a cheerful obedience to the 



against Free Masonry. 185 

laws of the supreme architect of the 
universe, the ETERNAL GOD; while 
it is evidently built upon, and venerates 
the holy scriptures ;* that construction 
must be a forced one, indeed, which im- 
putes to it principles and plans of irreli- 
gious tendency ! If it were an immoral 
or antichristian association, how happens it 
that so many of the clergy are not only 
members, but zealously attached to it ; not 
only its apologists, but its patrons ? For my- 
self, I declare that such is my high reverence 
for Christianity, and my devotedness to 
its cause, that, did I believe free masonry, 
as it is known and cultivated amongms, and 
as I have been acquainted with it, had a ten- 
dency to weaken or destroy the faith of the 
gospel, I would openly and immediately re- 
nounce the order, and spurn with indignation 
its badges and its bonds !f 

* See the Book of Constitutions, Chapter I. Section I. of 
God and religion. 

f "I have had the honour ( said the Rev- Charles 
Brockwell) of being a member of this ancient and ho- 
nourable society many years, have sustained many of its 
offices, and can, and do aver in this sacred place ^ and be- 
fore the grand architect of the world, that I never could 
observe ought therein, but what was justifiable and com- 
mendable according to the strictest rules of society ; this 
being founded on the precepts of the gospel, the doing the 
will of God, and the subduing the passions, and highly 
conducing to every sacred and social virtue. But, not to in- 

2 A 



186 Examination of the modern prejudices 

It is equally incredible to suppose it cal- 
culated to effect any change of political 
opinion, much less to promote a revolution 
in any government under which it may be 
permitted to operate. For one of the most 
positive injunctions imposed on a candidate 
for our order, and, one of the admonitions 
most frequently repeated in our assemblies, 
is " to fulfil all civil duties in the most dis- 
tinguished manner and from the purest 
motives." This, it is well known, is among 
our most positive and binding regulations ; 
yet it seems as if our ancestors, fearful of not 



sist on my own experience, the very antiquity of our 
constitutions furnishes a sufficient ground to confute all 
gainsayers. For no combination of wicked men, for a 
wicked purpose, ever lasted lon,^. The want cf virtue % 
on which mutual trust and confidence is founded, soon di- 
vides and breaks them to pieces. Nor would men of un- 
questionable wisdom, known integrity, strict honour, un- 
doubted veracity and good sense, (though they might be 
trepanned into a foolish or ridiculous society, which could 
pretend to nothing valuable,) ever continue in it, or con- 
tribute towards supporting and propagating it to pos- 
terity." Serm. before, the Grand Lodge at Boston, 1750, 
page 16. 

It were easy to quote other testimonies. Were not this 
note already too lengthy, I would have added that of the 
Rev. Charles Leslie; a man eminent for his piety, and 
famous for his masterly writings in defence of Christianity 
against the Deists, &c. but must refer to his discourse en- 
titled " A vindication of Masonry and its excellency 
demonstrated :" delivered before the Lodge of Vernon 
Kilwinning. 



against Free Masonry. 187 

sufficiently guarding the fraternity against 
the posibility of being suspected of disloyal- 
ty, had judged it necessary, in their general 
laws positively to prohibit the uttering of a 
single sentence in our meetings on any politi- 
cal subject whatever. In the " ancient char- 
ges collected from old records" is the following : 
"No private piques or quarrels must be 
brought within the door of the lodge, far 
less any quarrels about religion, or nations, 
or state policy : being of all nations, tongues, 
kindreds, and languages, we are resolved 
against all politics, as what never yet con- 
duced to the welfare of the lodge, nor ever 
will." Again; " as political affairs have 
occasioned discord amongst the nearest re- 
lations and most intimate friends, Masons 
are enjoined never to speak of, or discuss 
them in the lodge." 

How far Free Masonry interferes with the 
affairs of government will be best entertained 
by one or two extracts from the book of 
constitutions. Such an appeal " to the law 
and to the testimony" is the more necessary, 
because this has lately become a subject of 
serious alarm ; and because our institutes 
and rules, orders and ceremonies, though 
printed and published, are seldom consulted 
but bv the brethren. Others do not read 



188 Examination of the modern prejudices 

them from indifference ; our enemies will 
not, from contempt ; or else they fear to 
bring their assertions to this light, lest they 
should be reproved, or confuted. This vol- 
ume, curious for its articles of remote an- 
tiquity, and interesting for its instructive 
documents, contains the following princi- 
ples : " Whoever would be a true Mason is 
to know, that, by the privileges of his order, 
his obligations as a subject and citizen will 
not be relaxed, but enforced : He is to be a 
lover of peace, and obedient to the Givil 
powers which yield him protection, and are 
set over him where he resides, or works. — 
Nor can a real craftsman ever be concerned 
in conspiracies against the state, or be disre- 
spectful to the magistrate ; because the wel- 
fare of his country is his most happy ob- 
ject."* No man can be invested with the 
office of master of a lodge until he has sig- 
nified his assent to those charges and regula- 
tions which point out the duty of that sta- 
tion, and promise to submit and support 
them, " as masters have done in all ages." 
Among other particulars are these : " You 
agree to be a peaceable subject, and cheer- 
fully to conform to the laws of the country 
in which you reside." " You promise not 

* Constitutions, chap. 1. sect. 2. of government and the 
civil magistrate. 



against Free Masonry. 189 

to be concerned in plots or conspiracies 
against government ; but patiently to sub- 
mit to the decisions of the supreme legisla- 
ture.'' " You agree to pay a proper respect 
to the civil magistrate ; to work diligently, 
live in credit, and act honourably with all 
men."* Lastly, every candidate, upon ad- 
mission, is thus charged ; " In the state you 
are to be a quiet and peaceable subject. You 
are never to countenance disloyalty or re- 
bellion ; but yield yourself, and encourage 
in others, a cheerful conformity to the gov- 
ernment under which you live."f 

How strange is it, my hearers, that an 
institution, thus guarded and fenced against 
political disobedience, should be suspected of 
being-" the hot-bed of sedition !" Or that 
any one should think of imputing to men 
bound by these ties, governed by these laws, 
and under these restrictions, " plans of dis- 
organization and rebellion !" Do these prin- 
ciples lead to conspiracy ? Are they not di- 
ametrically opposite to all disaffection to- 
wards " the powers that be ; whether it be 
to the king as supreme, or unto governors?" 

* Constitutions, Part. n. Ceremony of constituting and 
consecrating a lodge, installing the officers, Ifc. page 84. 

f Constitutions, Part m. Charge at initiating into the first 
■degree, page 126. 



190 Examination of the modern prejudices 

Do they not more resemble the good old 
loyal doctrine of passive obedience and non-re- 
sistance?* We blush for the ignorance, and 
wonder at the perversity of those who de- 
clare that they "view the brotherhood as 
a hoard of conspirators, who have long 
waited only for the baleful genius of a 
Weishaupt to launch out into all the crimes 
of a revolution, "f 

That an institution which is founded on 
love to God and love to man ; whose glory is to 
reward in its members those peaceful virtues 
which are most friendly to their own inter- 
nal tranquillity, and most beneficent and hap- 
py to the world ; which declares and repeats 
to all its candidates and in all its lodges, that 
it cati never countenance any thing contrary 

tO MORALS, RELIGION, Or THE STATE ; which 

expects and requires the highest reverence to 

* An aged and orthodox divine, in a sermon at the conse- 
cration of a lodge at Ramsgate in Kent, Sept. 3, 1798, makes 
this solemn protestation ; " As an advocate both zealous 
and determined, as an advocate for this order, from the 
strongest conviction of its excellency, both in politics and 
patriotism ; I scruple not to challenge our bitterest reviler 
to fix upon one single Mason who dare affirm that in any of 
our transactions, whether public or private, there is a sin- 
gle trait either sentimental or practical, in all our masonic 
order which bears not even the very enthusiasm of loyal- 
ty." Inwood, p. 266. 

* Barruel, vol. 4ttAj oj the 2d English edition, p. 162. 



against Free Masonry. 191 

the Supreme Being, obedience to rulers, re- 
spect to superiors, kindness to equals, and 
condescension to inferiors ; I say; that such 
an institution should be declared, or even 
suspected to militate with religion, peace, 
and social order, is matter of astonishment. 
It must require the prejudices of an ex-jesuit 
to draw so strange an inference from such 
opposing premises ; or the faculty of Scotch 
second light to see things thus awry.* 

Are not Masons, as well as other men, 
members of civil society ; equally interested 
in preserving its order and peace ? Do they 
not owe their personal and their associate se- 
curity to the laws ; their protection to the 
magistrate ? What possible inducement could 
they have for endangering that security, or 
forfeiting that protection ? 

Whatever interferes with the prosperity 
of any nation, persuasion, or individual, 
forms no part of the masonic theme. While 
the real Mason acts within his sphere he is a 

* " Nor less avail this optic sleight, 
And Scottish gift of second sight : 
Which sees not only all that was, 
But much that never came to pass. 
And optics sharp it needs, I ween, 
To see what is not to be seen." 

Trumbull's M'Fingal 



192 Examination of the modern prejudices 

friend to every government which affords 
him protection ; and particularly attached 
to that country wherein he first drew breath. 
That is the centre of his circle ; the point 
where his affections are warmest. His phi- 
lantrophy is by no means incompatible with 
patriotism ; and when he speaks of being free, 
and of standing on a level with his brethren, 
he advances no sentiment in\ militancy with 
social or political grades and dignities. He 
admits, and is familiar with, the principle 
of due subordination. He finds its expedi- 
ency in his own institution ; and he knows 
it essential to good government and order 
in the community. " To be free is one of 
the characteristics of his profession ; but it 
is that steady freedom which prudence feels 
and wisdom dictates:" a freedom which 
reason honours and virtue sanctions : a free- 
dom from the dominion of passion and the 
slavery of vice. 

Appeal we to fact, to the history of all na- 
tions ; and we shall find that Free Masons 
have always been peaceable and orderly 
members of society.* Submissive, even un- 
der governments the most intolerant , and 

* See " Jn apology for the Free and accepted Masons, 
occasioned by the persecution of them in the Canton of 
Berne." Printed at Francfort, 1748. 12mo. 



against Free Masonry, 193 

oppressive, they silently cultivated their be- 
nevolent plan, and secured it confidence and 
protection by exhibiting in their conduct 
its mild, pacific, and charitable tendencies. 
They excited no factious resistance to 
established authorities, conspired in no tur- 
bulent and seditious schemes, exaggerat- 
ed no grievances, nor even joined in the 
clamours of popular discontent. Making it a 
rule never to speak evil of dignities, nor in- 
terfere with the claims of lawful authority, 
they, at all times and in all places, supported 
the character and obtained the praise of liege 
subjects, and good citizens. 

Recur we to the American history. 
Were Price, Oxnard, Tomlinson, Gridley, 
leaders in rebellion ? Was Warren a seditious 
person ? Or does Washington countenance 
conspiracy against government ? Are not the 
members of the fraternity known ? Are they 

And " An impartial examination of the act of the associate 
Synod at Stirling: by the Rev. Charles Leslie. 

In a late British publication is the following observation : 
*■' Were there even no other testimony in favour of Free 
Masonry, the public would not be persuaded to look upon ' 
that to be big with secret mischief, which is openly espoused 
by Earl Moira." 

Public Characters, of 1?98 and 1799, vol. 1, p. 24, 

2B 



1 94 Examination of the modern prejudices 

such as are generally thought to harbour in- 
imical designs against the civil or ecclesiasti- 
cal establishment? Are the lodges principal- 
ly composed of, or governed by, men sus- 
pected of disorganizing projects or demora- 
lizing views ? You will unite in answering 
No ! Scarcely an individual can be found in 
our order who can be thought to favour such 
principles. 

But enough, surely has been said to con- 
vince every candid and unprejudiced mind 
that the members of the ancient Fraternity 
of , Free and Accepted Masons are incapable 
of a design so base and villanous as " a con- 
spiracy against religion, government, and so- 
cial order." 

And we, my brethren, know, and it is our 
boast, that a profound veneration for the 
christian verity ; and a dignified respect for 
the government and a patriotic zeal for the 
welfare of our country, are among our sacred 
duties and our dearest interests. In this cha- 
racter and conduct may we still be known 
and respected ; continuing to " walk by the 
same rule, and to mind the same thing." 

The officers and members of King David's 
Lodge, this day to be installed and consecra^ 



against Free Masonry. 195 

ted, will permit me ere I retire, to congratu- 
late their establishment, and tender them my 
best wishes. 

While your attachment to Free Masonry 
and zeal in its cause demands the appro- 
bation of all its friends, may your lives and 
virtues confute the slanderous reports of all 
its enemies. 

May your lodge be beautiful as the tem- 
ple, peaceful as its ark, and sacred as its most 
holy place ! May your oblations of piety 
and praise be grateful as the incense, your 
love warm as its flame, and your charity diffu- 
sive as its fragrance ! May your hearts be pure 
as the altar, and your whole conduct acceptable 
as the offering ! May the approbation of 
Heaven be your encouragement; and may that 
benignant Being, " who seeth in secret, re- 
ward you openly !" 

Finally : May we all be accepted of God ; 
workmen that need not be ashamed, rightly 
discharging the duties of life. May we abhor 
that which is evil, and cleave to that which is 
good ; approving ourselves to every man's 
conscience in the sight of God : and be con- 
tinually making approaches to that state where 
the credit of virtue is established and secure, 
and its satisfactions perfect and eternal ! 



BIS COURSE XL 

ON THE BEST WAY OF DEFENDING 
FREE-MASONRY. 



DISCOURSE XL 

1 PETER II. 15, 16. 



- tl WITH WELL DOING YE MAY PUT TO SILENCE THE IG- 
NORANCE OF FOOLISH MEN. AS FREE, AND NOT USING 
YOUR LIBERTY FOR A CLOAK OF MALICIOUSNESS, BUT 
AS THE SERVANTS OF GOD." 



X SHALL use these words, my brethren, 
as the motto to a discourse, wherein I pro- 
pose, after adverting to the injustice of those 
imputations which are brought forward 
against Free Masonry, briefly to consider the 
way in which we can best preserve it from 
misrepresentations, and best defend it against 
censures. 

Whilst we feel our minds enlarged by 
its discoveries, our hearts expanded by its 
charities, and our satisfactions increased by 
its influence, we cannot grow indifferent to 
its interests, nor hear the reproaches repeated 
against it with the coldness of unconcerned 
auditors, without emotion and without re- 



200 On the best way of defending 

ply. With honest zeal we come forward ; 
not to contest the subject in "a war of 
words ;" not to discuss, but to demonstrate ; 
not to defend opinions against those whom 
no reasons wilf satisfy and no arguments 
convince ; but to vindicate our principles by 
referring to their effects on our temper and 
our conduct. 

Modesty, which retires from observation ; 
diffidence, which always entertains an hum- 
ble opinion of its own merit, and avoids 
ostentation as it does censure ; have hitherto 
restrained us from such a plea : but our ene- 
mies impel us to this issue. 

1. Free Masonry, you know, is, at the 
present day, viewed in an unfavourable light : 
and we are considered by some as covenant- 
ing on principles and associated for purposes 
destructive of civil subordination, and tend- 
ing to dissoluteness and infidelity ; to the 
disavowal of all that is venerable in virtue or 
sacred in religion. In vain have we re- 
peatedly unfolded our sentiments to public 
examination, in the most honest, ingenuous, 
and explicit manner. Our protestations are 
disregarded : and while every paltry pam- 
phlet or paragraph written in opposition to 
us is eagerly read and implicitly believed : 



Free Masonry, j 201 

what we publish, particularly the book of 
constitutions, which contains our laws and 
ceremonies, is never inquired after, never 
consulted. 

My brethren, our inexorable accusers ar- 
raign us at the tribunal of the public, to de- 
fend ourselves, not against what they know, 
but what they suspect ; to answer, not for 
what they have experienced, but what they 
fear. This is taking us at great disadvan- 
tage : and the unfairness, as well as injustice, 
of such an allegation, will excuse our passing 
it by in silent contempt. We challenge 
them to point out the instances in which we 
have appeared the advocates or the abettors 
of immorality or rebellion ! We submit our 
actions to their prying investigation ; hoping, 
be sure, some allowance for the frailties and 
imperfections incident to humanity ; arro- 
gating to ourselves no immaculate purity nor 
indefectible virtue ; but neither needing nor 
asking apology for any thing that is peculiar 
to us as MASONS. 

Assured that whatever follies or impru- 
dencies may have injured our credit as men, 
and that whatever vices have wounded our 
character as christians, it never justified the 
former nor allowed the latter, let us excul- ' 
2C 



202 On the best way of defending 

pate our institution ; and frankly declare 
that our errors and crimes are from another 
source, the weakness and depravity of human 
nature, the incitements to evil and the 
corruptions of the world, to which all alike 
are exposed. 

A distinction must be made between 
what is attributive to Free Masonry, and what 
is not ; between what is within its influence, 
and what is beyond its sphere. For though 
we may safely declare that it is impractible 
to ascend into these regions without improve- 
ment of the heart and enlargement of the un- 
derstanding, and without carrying along with 
us into the world we are obliged to act 
in, something to purify our conduct and 
meliorate our condition : yet we do not 
pretend that Free Masonry was instituted for 
the express purposes of teaching morals. 
And though all its rites, ceremonies and 
charges, imply the necessity and express the 
importance of piety and virtue, and with im- 
pressive solemnity inculcate their observ- 
ance ; yet it never professed to be a substi- 
tute for natural or revealed religion, nor to pre- 
scribe the faith, regulate the conscience, or 
control the judgment of any. It has enough 
liberality to allow each man to be " free,'' 
but so much restraint as to prevent him 



Free Masonry* 203 

from using his liberty for " a cloak of licen- 



We are the more particular in making 
this discrimination, because some late writers 
have suggested that Masonry professes to su- 
persede all religions, and to introduce a moral 
code of its own in their stead. 

2. Many are so uncharitable as to lay the 
blame of every thing erroneous in the senti- 
ments or reprehensible in the conduct of a 
Mason, to the regulations or principles of the 
institution to which he belongs ; falsely argu- 
ing, or obliquely insinuating that because he 
was reproachable, that must have base and 
immoral tendencies. 

Now, this mode of reasoning is not per- 
fectly just. It is not fair to predicate worth - 
lessness of that profession which may have 
some unworthy professors. 

But if Free Masonry has not made us bet- 
ter, it is certain it has made us worse ? Are 
we more loose in our principles, more unjust 
in our actions, more niggardly in our disposi- 
tions, or more parsimonious in our charity, 
than before we entered the lodge ? Are we 
more so than those who are not of the frater- 



204 On the best way of defending 

nity ? Are the most thorough Masons con- 
spicuous as the most notorious villains, the 
most daring infidels, or the most insidious 
jacobins ? Or are the base, the atheistical, and 
the factious always Masons ? 

We confess, with sorrow, that there are 
some of our order who deserve not its pro- 
tection and dishonour its name. But would 
our opposers wish to conclude from that 
that all masons are similar to them ? Is it 
right to argue thus ? Are such inferences 
admitted in estimating other professions? 
Doth the perfidy of a single Judas give 
grounds to conclude that all the other disci- 
ples were faithless and traitors ? Why, then, 
is a mode of reasoning which is never justi- 
N fied in any other cases, only supportable when 
directed against Free Masonry ? 

But if we have been disgraced by some, 
who have walked unworthy of their profes- 
sion ; so likewise have we been honoured by 
others, who would reflect lustre on any so- 
ciety. Admitting that there may be seen 
among us some whose conduct deserves the 
odium of all the wise and good ; are there 
not others, whose actions even prejudice can- 
not censure, and whose virtues even malig- 
nity dare not impeach ? If Masonry be made 



Free Masonry. 205 

responsible for the ill conduct of the few ; 
ought it not, in all reason, to have credit for 
the good conduct of the many ? The great- 
est characters in the world have laid aside 
their dignities, and put themselves on a level 
with us. Not that I would have it imagined 
that Free Masonry can derive any authenti- 
city or importance from the celebrity of those 
who belong to the society : it being rather 
calculated to confer respectability, than ne- 
cessitated to borrow it. Yet, when we find 
in every period of its history, some of the 
first rate characters in every estimable re- 
spect, belonging to it and glorying in it, the 
conclusion cannot be considered extremely 
arrogant, that the institution has some real 
excellence ; at least, that it is not so " frivo- 
lous" or " dangerous" a combination as some 
would fain represent it. It is not to be sup- 
posed that the great, the wise, and the good, 
of all ages, would have given it their decided 
support, had they found it containing any in- 
trinsic principles repugnant to the interests 
of society, or hostile to their religious prin- 
ciples. Would they not, rather, have been 
the first to have proclaimed the evil of its 
tendency, and to have avowed their condem- 
nation of its spirit and design ? 



206 On the best way of defending 

Suffer me now, in conclusion, my brethren, 
briefly to point out what I consider the best, 
I might say the only effectual method of vin- 
dicating the principles and re-establishing the 
credit of the order. 

To remove the veil which misinformation 
and prejudice have thrown over the eyes of 
our enemies, it remains for us to convince 
them by our lives, of the truth of our decla- 
rations ; and to let our conduct be a letter of 
recommendation, " seen and read of all men." 

This is a kind of conviction which must 
at length prevail over the most obstinate and 
unyielding prepossessions. 

A good life is an unanswerable refutation 
of every charge. 

By a life and conversation regulated by 
wisdom and sanctioned by virtue ; by dis- 
charging every duty with integrity and fidel- 
ity ; and by exercising to all around us every 
friendly and tender office of charity ; we 
shall demonstratively prove that our institu- 
tion does not train us up in demoralizing 
principles ; and that they are either ignorant 
or foolish men who have said that it did. 



Free Masonry. 207 

By piety towards God and faith in the Lord 
Jesus Christ ; by a veneration for the gospel, 
an exemplary obedience to its precepts, and 
a regular observance of its institutions ; we 
shall get clear of the charge of being " Anti- 
christian Conspirators." 

Lastly : By our zeal for the interests of 
our country ; by maintaining, supporting, and 
defending its civil and religious rights and 
liberties ; by paying all due allegiance, ho- 
nour, and submission to its magistrates, su- 
preme and subordinate ; by leading peacea- 
ble lives in all godliness and honesty ; and by 
endeavouring to promote harmony and good 
will, condescension and subordination among 
all orders of men ; we shall put to silence the 
opprobrious allegations of those who strive to 
prejudice the public against Free Masonry, 
by insinuating that it is " the hot-bed of se- 
dition," and fraught with purposes for the 
subversion of all government and rule, all 
thrones, principalities and powers. 

Thus, my brethren, 

" We'll dissipate each dark and threatening cloud 
That prejudice and calumny can raise, 

By radiant probity of heart and life, 
And persevering- deeds of love and peace/' 1 



208 On the best way of defending 

Defended and illustrated by an edifying 
example, Free Masonry will yet triumph in 
its influence, and be respected in its effects. 

While we evince in practice those princi- 
ples we profess in theory ', our institution will 
" have a good report of all men, and of the 
truth itself;" and those who "speak evil of 
us as evil doers, will be ashamed," seeing 
they falsely accuse and misrepresent us. 

Regulated by the precepts of wisdom, 
supported by the strength of virtue, and 
adorned with the beauty of beneficence, our 
actions will escape censure, if they meet not 
praise. If we live within compass, act upon 
the square, subdue the passions, keep a 
tongue of good report, maintain truth and 
practise charity ; we shall not only display 
the principles, but honour the cause we have 
espoused. Such an exemplification of its 
tendencies, will do more to wipe away the 
unfavourable impressions which any have re- 
ceived against the institution, and will more 
effectually conciliate their esteem of it, than 
all the reasoning of laboured argument, or 
all the eloquence of verbal panegyric. 

Then, as we honour our profession, our 
profession will be an honour to us. 



Free Masonry. 209 

Remember, brethren, that the interests of 
Free Masonry are in your hands. Be careful 
then, not to blend with it your weaknesses, 
nor to stain it with your vices. Consider 
how much the world expects of you ; and 
how unwilling to make you any abatements. 
Consider with what dignity, fidelity, and 
respectability, you ought to support the cha- 
racter you bear : and render the name of Free 
Mason illustrious, as designating worth and 
virtue of superior stamp. 

It is highly incumbent on you to "walk 
in wisdom towards them that are without;" 
doing nothing that should render your prin- 
ciples suspicious, or disgrace your institution 
in their eyes, nothing that should give them 
new occasion of dislike, or increase their 
former prejudices. For, " be assured that, if 
in your conduct you forget that you are men ; 
the world, with its usual severity v/ill remem- 
ber that you are Masons. ." 

While ambitious of obtaining the favoura- 
ble opinion of men, let us not be regardless 
of the honour that cometh from God. His 
approbation will make us ample amends for 
all we may suffer from their evil surmisings 
and unjust reproaches. Let us, therefore, 
seek to please God rather than men. Re- 
2 D 



210 On the best way of defending 

membering that we are his servants ; let us 
be fervent in spirit, serving him with fidelity, 
constancy, and zeal. Let the sense of his 
adorable presence never, for a moment, be 
estranged from our minds. May all our 
conduct be strictly and invariably directed by 
his will and word. May we "walk worthy 
of the Lord unto all pleasing :" and " when 
a man's ways please the Lord, he maketh 
even his enemies to be at peace with him." 

To conclude : 

If, Brethren, we have any true love for 
Masonry ; if we have at heart the honour 
and the interest of this most antient and ve- 
nerable institution ; we shall be careful, not 
only to rule and govern our faith, but to 
square our actions by the holy word of God : 
and, while with each other we literally walk 
upon the level, may we keep within due 
bounds with all mankind. Thus shall we 
merit and obtain the reputation, not only of 
" good men and true," but of wise and skil- 
ful, Free and accepted Masons.* And when 
he who is u the first born among many bre- 
thren," shall again appear " to be glorified in 

* Bro. Benjamin Green's Oration before the Philan- 
thropic Lodge, June 24, 1797, page 22. 



Free Masonry, 211 

his saints, and admired in all them that be- 
. lieve," may he pronounce our commenda- 
tion and designate our reward by this decla- 
ration, " these shall walk with me in white, 
for they are worthy !" 



DISCOURSE XII. 



VALEDICTORY. 



DISCOURSE XII. 



On resigning the Office of Chaplain to the Grand Lodge of 
Massachusetts, December 27, 1799. 



AS the time has now arrived, my bre- 
thren, when I am to retire from the office 
with which I have for several years been ho- 
noured, and shall not again address you in pub- 
lic ; I am desirous of leaving with you, now, 
my last counsels and my best wishes. 

As Chaplain to the grand' lodge, I have 
been repeatedly called upon, both to lead the 
devotional exercises, and to perform the pre- 
ceptive duties on public consecrations and 
festivals. During the course of this service 
I have endeavoured, to the best of my abilities, 
to illustrate the genius and to vindicate the 
principles of our institution ; and while 
inculcating upon the members a regard to 
its duties, to impress the community at large 



216 Valedictory Discourse. 

with a favourable opinion of its design and 
tendency. And you have not only listened 
to my instructions with attention, but have 
expressed, in the most flattering terms, your 
acknowledgment of my fidelity and your 
approbation of my zeal. To have acquitted 
myself, in any degree, to your satisfaction, 
in my addresses to you, and in my public vin- 
dication of the Fraternity, is a circumstance 
upon which I shall reflect with grateful sen- 
sibility so long as I live. 

Desirous of improving the interest I have 
obtained in your regards for the purpose of 
animating you to a spirit and conduct beco- 
ming the ancient and honourable institution 
to which you belong, I beg your attention to 
a few parting counsels upon several topics of 
great importance to your credit and your 
happiness as masons. 

With this view I have, according to cle- 
rical custom, selected a text for my discourse 
from the sacred scriptures. As pertinent to 
my situation and my design, I shall make use 
of that passage inserted in the 

2 Cor. xiii. 11. 

FINALLY, BRETHREN, FAREWELL. BE PERFECT. BE OF 

GOOD COMFORT. BE OF ONE MIND. LIVE IN PEACE; 

' AND THE GOD OF LOVE AND PEACE SHALL BE WITH YOU. 



Valedictory Discourse. 217 

This is the affectionate farewell which the 
Apostle Paul took of his christian friends at 
Corinth. Its import is this : May all joy 
and happiness ever attend you ! That this 
may be the case, make it your care to amend 
whatever is amiss among you, and raise to 
the greatest perfection in virtue. Support 
and help one another in affliction : and may 
you be yourselves comforted with those 
strong consolations which true Christianity 
suggests. Cultivate for each other an en- 
deared attachment, and retain an intire 
unanimity. And let me urge it upon you 
that ye be peaceable'in your demeanour, and 
charitable in your sentiments ; for then the 
God of love and peace will graciously own 
and bless you, and be your present helper 
and everlasting portion. 

In like terms, and with like cordiality, 
would I apply this pathetic counsel to you, 
my most valued friends, and echo these pious 
wishes on your behalf. But, as your chris- 
tian duties are inculcated on other occasions, 
there is no propriety in my dwelling particu- 
larly on them now ; I shall confine myself 
principally to those that are masonic. 

In the knowledge and observation of these 
also, Brethren, be perfect. 
2E 



218 Valedictory Discourse. 

1. To be thoroughly instructed in the lec- 
tures, well acquainted with the ceremonies and 
complete in the degrees of free masonry, is 
the ambition of all. But by this very incli- 
nation, laudable as it undoubtedly is, some 
are prompted to a more rapid progress 
through its forms than is consistent with a 
clear and adequate comprehension of its prin- 
ciples. Hence they gain but a superficial, or 
at best only a theoretical and speculative 
knowledge of its sublime arcana : and, not 
applying to practice its symbols and its rules, 
they do not live in its influence nor exhibit 
its effects. They mistake the process for 
the result ; and rest in the means, without at- 
taining the end. 

Masonry is an art of great compass and 
extent. A knowledge of its mysteries is not 
attained at once, but by degrees. By much 
instruction and assiduous application, ad- 
vances are made. Every step is progressive, 
and opens new light and information. " Ac- 
cording to the progress we make we limit 
or extend our inquiries ; and, in proportion 
to our capacity, we attain to a less or greater 
degree of perfection."* 

He who knows the names and under- 

* Preston, 



Valedictory Discourse. 219 

stands the application of the various tools 
and implements of the craft, is, to be sure, 
thereby thoroughly furnished to every good 
work ; but he, only, who uses and applies 
them to intellectual, moral, and social edi- 
fication, is the workman that needeth not to 
be ashamed. 

Therefore, in exhorting you to be perfect 
in masonry, I intend, not merely that 
you should be expert in the lectures, or 
eager to rise through its degrees ; but that 
you should enter into the spirit of its solemn 
rites, and learn the full import of its inter- 
esting symbols ; that you should be perfect 
in the knowledge and in the application of 
its principles, in the possession of the virtues 
it expects, and in the discharge of the duties 
it enjoins. 

2. Moreover, my brethren, be of good 
comfort. 

There are, indeed, many troubles in the 
lot of humanity ; and you, like others, are 
exposed to them. But be not dismayed. 
By our excellent institution you are furnish- 
ed with preventives or remedies against 
most of them, and with supports and solace 



5220 Valedictory Discourse. 

under all. You have a retreat, over which 
the changes of the world have not the least 
power. They reach not its peaceful recesses : 
they intrude not on its sacred quiet. Your 
cares, perplexities, and misfortunes, follow 
you not into the lodge. You leave them 
behind you, with the agitated scene of 
which they are a part ; and come hither to 
partake the sweet comfort of brotherly love, 
the bland alleviations of sympathy, or the 
effectual relief of charity and beneficence, 
when that is wanted also. 

Here you are introduced to associates 
whose warm and generous souls, whose en- 
lightened and elevated minds, are drawn 
towards each other by wishes the most virtu- 
ous and sentiments the most sublime. Here 
you enter into a faithful, tender, and refined 
friendship. In this intimate and endeared 
connection, the inclinations are free, the 
feelings genuine, the sentiments unbiassed. 
And the undisguised communication of 
thoughts and wishes, of pleasures and pains, 
shews that the confidence is mutual, sincere, 
and intire. Advice, consolation, succour, 
are reciprocally given and received, under all 
the accidents and misfortunes of life. And 
what sorrow can resist the consolation that 
flows from an intercourse so tender and so 



Valedictory Discourse. 221 

kind ? The pains and troubles of a wounded 
heart will soon be alleviated or cured ! The 
clouds which overshadowed the prospect will 
quickly fade away. Light will break in upon 
the view, and hope and joy gild and decorate 
the scene. 

Yes, my brethren, in coming hither, you 
gather restoration from the past, refreshment 
for the present, and resources against the fu- 
ture : and you return back to the world, with 
a calm, resolute, and well fortified mind, bet- 
ter fitted to meet the trials, and better ena- 
bled to bear the burdens of life. 

In fact, in the very course of passing 
through the several grades, you acquire a 
firm and steady resolution of mind, prepared for 
every reverse, superior to every shock. You 
learn the discipline of virtue ; you listen to 
the instructions of wisdom ; and, following 
a faithful and unerring guide, you put your 
trust in God, and fear nothing. 

" Wherefore, we beseech you, brethren, 
comfort yourselves together and edify one 
another, even as also you do:" and be par- 
ticularly attentive to the circumstances of the 
afflicted, and the wants of the destitute, " that 
their hearts may also be comforted by being 



222 Valedictory Discourse* 

knit together in love" with those who have 
dispositions to sympathize with their sor- 
rows and willingness to supply their need !* 

On another score, too, I would exhort you 
to be of good comfort ; and that is, with re- 
spect to the reflections lately cast upon the 
order to which you belong. 

Though the ignorant suspect, and the pre- 
judiced stigmatize your views and labours, 
" fear ye not their reproaches, neither be 
afraid of their revilings." Notwithstanding 
all their united attacks and pertinacious op- 
position, Masonry will still retain its influence 
and its credit; and, like its own well com- 
pacted arch, will even be rendered more firm 
and strong by the pressure and the weight it 
bears. 

It is rendered still more secure if the 
members grow more and more united in 
judgment and affections to each other, and in 

* " To relieve the distressed, is a duty incumbent on all 
men ; but particularly on Masons, who are linked together 
by an indissoluble chain of sincere affection. To sooth the 
unhappy, to sympathize with their misfortunes, to compas- 
sionate their miseries, and to restore peace to their troubled 
minds, is. the grand aim we have in view. On this basis we 
establish our friendships and form our connections." 

Preston's Illustrations of Masonry, p. 54. 



Valedictory Discourse, 223 

their attachment to the antient constitutions, 
privileges and principles of the craft. This 
is the more necessary at the present clay, be- 
cause one of our most formidable opponents 
commences the deduction of his " Proofs" 
with an account of "the schisms in Ma- 
sonry." 

Let me, therefore, in the third place ', enjoin 
it upon you to be of one mind. 

Among the variety of duties incumbent 
upon you, remember that there is none more 
essential to the preservation, none more effi- 
cacious to the welfare of our institution than 
unanimity. This makes the cement, the 
great principle of cohesion, which gives 
compactness to all the parts and members ; 
forms them into a regular structure, into one 
uniform building : and adds harmony and 
beauty, firmness and stability to the whole. 
Or, it may be likened to the key-stone which 
compacts and strengthens the arch on which 
the edifice is supported and upheld. 

A cordial affection is the life and soul of 
all societies, and must be much more so of 
those who pretend to associate together upon 
the noblest maxims of charity and friend- 
ship. 



224 Veledictory Discourse, 

Unity is the golden chain which binds 
our willing hearts, and holds together our 
happy society: the principle on which de- 
pends its internal harmony and its outward 
prosperity. 

Jars and discords among the brethren will 
not only loosen the cement of the well 
joined fabric, but sap its very foundation. 
" Need I mention, says a Rev. Brother, need 
I mention the malicious triumph which any 
schism or contest among us would give to 
the enemies of our antient Craft ? A factious 
spirit would soon check the progress of true 
Masonry, and strengthen every vulgar preju- 
dice against us."* 

As in the erecting of the temple of Solomon 
every thing was so prepared that " there was 
neither hammer, nor axe, nor any iron tool 
heard in the house while it was building;" 
so of Free Masons it has always been the 
boast, that they perfect the work of edifica- 
tion by quiet and orderly methods, " without 
the hammer of contention, the axe of divi- 
sion, or any tool of mischief." 

* Dr. James Grant's Sermon at Greenwich, June 24 s 
1774. 



Valedictory Discourse. 225 

I speak then a language harmonious in 
your ears and congenial to your hearts, when 
I say that you are " kindly affectioned one 
to another," and " perfectly joined together 
in the same mind and ihe same judgment ;" 
walking by one rule, and following the same 
thing. 

Having but one interest and one object ; 
the benefit and the advancement of the 
whole ; be persuaded to pursue it with con- 
curring harmony and joint agreement. — 
While particularly interested in the welfare 
of the lodge to which you individually be- 
long, be regardful of the general welfare. 
And let there be no other contest among you 
than that most honourable of all contests, who 
shall do the most good. 

" Behold, how good and how pleasant 
it is for brethren to dwell together in unity. 
It is like the precious ointment upon the 
head, that ran down upon the beard, even 
Aaron's beard ; that went down to the 
skirts of his garments. As the dew of Her- 
mon, and as the dew that descended upon 
the mountains of Zion; for there the Lord 
commanded the blessing, even life forever- 
more !" 

2F . 



226 Valedictory Discourse. 

To bind you more firmly together in the 
bonds of unity, and to strengthen the ties of 
brotherly love, has been an aim ever kept in 
view in my discourses before the fraternity : 
and, in this my final address, " I beseech you, 
brethren, that ye all speak the same thing, 
and that there be no divisions among you !" 
" Fulfil ye my joy that ye be like-minded, 
having the same love, being of one accord, 
of one mind." 

I have but one direction more. 

Live in peace. 

This is a natural effect, and will be the 
certain result of that unanimity and concord, 
of which I have just spoken. 

So often have I, on former occasions, ex- 
patiated upon the pacific genius of Free Ma- 
sonry, and on the necessity and beauty of a 
correspondent conduct in its members, that I 
need now only repeat my earnest desires that 
you would invariably, unitedly, and affec- 
tionately " follow after peace," and " study 
the things that make for peace" and^ire con- 
ducive to mutual edification. 



, Valedictory Discourse. 227 

It has been well observed that, " nosplen* 
dour of talents, no endowment of body or 
mind, can be put in competition with those 
humble but lovely virtues which serve to 
make us endearing and endeared. Abilities 
alone may excite admiration, the tribute of 
the understanding ; but, joined with ame- 
nity of manners, they never fail to conciliate 
affection , the better tribute of the heart." 

Let it always be known that we belong 
to a society, cemented by union, and edified 
with peace : where all the members are invio- 
lably attached to the general good, and 
harmoniously conspire in its promotion ; 
where unfeigned affection prevails ; where 
every man is the sincere friend of every man; 
in a word, where all vigorously and cheer- 
fully exert themselves in acts of kindness 
and labours of love. Such principles, surely, 
will advance and establish the happiness of 
the whole, and the welfare of each individu- 
al : and upon such principles our society hath 
bidden defiance to opposition, and been se- 
cured from dissolution or decay. 

Glory to God in the highest, peace on 
earth, and good will towards men, is the 
disposition and the desire of every Free and 
Accepted Mason. With such a temper, 



228 Valedictory Discourse. 

brethren, you will enjoy the satisfaction of 
your own hearts, the approbation and con- 
currence of all the wise and good, and the 

GOD OF LOVE AND PEACE WILL BE WITH 

you. That divine Being, who is the author 
of peace and the lover of concord, will ren- 
der your endeavours successful, and reward 
them with the blessings of time and the glo- 
ries of eternity ! 

Finally, brethren, farewell ! Accept 
the best wishes, as you share in the best affec- 
tions of my heart! 

The special relation in which I have stood 
to you will now cease ; but the affection con- 
nected with it, and the gratitude arising from 
it, will ever remain. 

My particular thanks are due to the officers 
and members of the grand lodge for the ho- 
nours and the patronage with which they 
have distinguished me. And I intreat them, 
with my brethren all, to accept my warm- 
est acknowledgments for their assistance and 
kindness. Their attentions have been so 
flattering, their benevolence so disinterested, 
their bounty so liberal, their sympathy so ten- 
der, that I must be inexcusably insensible not 
to feel ; and feeling, criminally ungrateful not 
to express, my many obligations. 



Valedictory Discourse. 229 

The affecting adieu I am now taking, brings 
forcibly to mind the last solemn parting ', when 
death shall separate me from those whom I 
have cordially loved ; whose society made 
the charm of my most privileged moments ; 
and to whom, under Providence, I owe most 
of my earthly prosperity. 

Tender and faithful friends ! Death is 
hastening to interrupt, it cannot dissolve 
our union. No ! Virtuous attachments are 
eternal. They are renewed in Heaven. We 
meet again there, to part no more ! 



MASONIC EULOGY. 



Delivered at Worcester, June 24, A. L. 1794, on the Festival 
of St. John the Baptist, before the Officers and Brethren of the 
Morning Star Lodge, in that toxvn, joined by Trinity Lodge 
from Lancaster. 



R ESPECTED HEARERS, 

JL OU see before you a band of bro- 
thers, connected with each other by the 
firmest engagements and most affectionate 
ties. Warmed with the most general philan- 
thropy, they profess to unite their endea- 
vours in the benevolent design of assisting the 
perfection of the human character, and the 
harmony and happiness of society. Their in- 
stitution boasts its origin in the earliest ages 



232 A Masonic Eulogy. 

of the world ; and it retains its ancient laws 
uncorrupted, its venerable rites and expres- 
sive symbols unchanged, and its primeval cere- 
monies intire. The stupendous pyramids 
which were raised, the lofty obelisks inscri- 
bed, and the magnificent temples built by ma- 
sonic hands, have yielded to the ravages of 
time ; but the institution itself has survived 
their overthrow, and outlived their glory. 
It will continue still, and nourish, till 

- — " The great globe itself, 

And all which it inherit, be destroyed, 
And, like the baseless fabric of a vision, 
Leave not a wreck behind." 

Had we leisure, it would be an interesting 
and entertaining research to trace its progress 
through the various stages of society it has 
successively improved and adorned : To see 
its early honours in Egypt;* its CONSE- 
CRATION at Jerusalem ; its subsequent glo- 

* Those who have most minutely investigated ancient 
history, will have reason to date the origin of the Egyptian 
mysteriesat the times of Joseph ; who, not being abletosub- 
vert the idolatry and superstition of the country, and in- 
troduce his own purer faith, communicated to select friends, 
under suitable cautions, the knowledge of the Divine unity 
and spirituality, of the immortality of the soul, and some lead- 
ing truths in the patriarchal religion. These dogmas were 
transmitted down ; but, through the lapse of ages,- became 
somewhat obscured and corrupted. 



A Masonic Eulogy. 233 

ry ; and its preservation, and extension " in 
ages long gone by." It is true that in recur- 
ring to some periods of its remote history, 
we should have occasion to lament that the 
unfounded and illiberal prejudices of too 
many which it could not soften, and their 
corrupt passions which it could not subdue, 
at times denied the craft its merited honours, 
opposed its cause, and impeded its progress.* 
Like the sun, its emblem, it has at times 
been obscured. Clouds and darkness have 
overshadowed its lustre : The clouds of error 



The Eleusinian and Gentile mysteries were probably 
branches of this more antient establishment ; and not dis- 
tinct institutions. For an account of these, consult ^Elian, 
Var. Hist. xii. c. 24. Pausanias, x. c. 31. and Meursii 
Eteusinia :| In torn. 7. Gronov. Antiq. Gr. 

n Nor did the priests of the mysteries neglect to recom- 
mend to the brethren a spirit of friendship, and the love of 
virtue ; so pleasing even to the most corrupt minds, and so 
requisite to render any society respectable in its own eyes." 
Gibbon's obs. on the viithbook of the iEneid, p. 7. 

* Prepossession hurries people to condemn what.they will 
not have patience to understand. 

Happily at the present day these prejudices lose 
much of their pristine obstinacy. " Time has allayed 
the violence of party, and checked with a cool discre- 
tion the tumults of opposition. Mankind, superior to 
national predilection or the barriers of policy or priest- 
craft, begin to follow the genuine dictates of reason, 
and honour the wise and the good whatever be their coun- 
try or their creed." 

2G 



234 A Masonic Eulogy. 

and the darkness of ignorance. But from 
the temporary penumbra it always emerged 
with increased splendour, And though from 
low minds mists of prejudice may still arise, 
and dim the clearness of its horizon, before 
the meridian light of reason, truth and wisdom. 
they will quickly disappear. 

In the dark ages Masonry yielded only a 
faint and glimmering radiance : " A light 
that shine d in a dark place." But, when the 
gloom of ignorance and barbarism was dis- 
pelled, it revived in its pristine consequence 
and glory. 

Those who enter minutely into the 
history of this society, will find it eventful 
and interesting. Various have been the 
efforts wantonly used, even in later times, to 
disturb its tranquillity and diminish its im- 
portance. Dissatisfaction has, however, been 
obliged to yield to conviction ; and the 
groundless imputations of enmity, have been 
silenced by a display of the virtues the insti- 
tution recommends and excites, and the 
laudable effects it produces. Among all 
nations, at last, its salutary influence is felt, 
and its beneficial tendency acknowledged. 
Arid, (though, like the common blessing of 
light, unheeded in its silent operation,) men 



A Masonic Eulogy. 235 

are ignorantly indebted to it, as a princi- 
ple, for some of the most disinterested ex- 
ertions of generosity, and some of the 
sweetest intimacies of endearing friendship 
and social life. 

Free Masons have always considered 
liberality as a virtue of the most general obli- 
gation and diffusive nature. To administer 
relief to the needy, and consolation to the 
distressed, is their most constant wish, and 
their highest pride ; establishing friendship 
and forming connections not by receiving 
but conferring benefits; and diffusing the 
conveniences and comforts of life with that 
cheerful readiness and benevolent impar- 
tiality which heightens their value and sweet- 
ens their possession. Their bounty is not 
dissipated among those who can return the 
obligation ; but is frequently conveyed to 
distant lands and foreign cities, to the naked 
and the hungry who see not the hand that 
reaches out the kind supply, and can 
make no acknowledgment to their un- 
known benefactors but the ardent benedic- 
tion of gratitude. 

To communicate the blessings of which 
we are partakers ; to contribute to the suc- 
cessful propagation of knowledge, virtue and 



236 A Masonic Eulogy. 

peace, of the sciences and the arts, and of 
whatever cultivates and adorns social life ; 
and to assist the advancement of human 
happiness ; have ever been the great objects 
of this venerable association. Impressed with 
a due sense of their obligation to the dis- 
charge of their duties, the members of it 
have steadily pursued such means as were 
apparently most conducive to the accom- 
plishment of so desirable an end : And 
they hope to surmount the obstacles and 
discouragements which retard its more gene- 
ral propagation. 

To reflect on the rapid progress and 
present general diffusion of the royal 
art* through almost every part of the habi- 
table w T orld,t must be particularly agreeable 

* " This art was called royal not only because it was ori- 
ginally practised by Kings and Princes, who were its first 
professors and warmest patrons, but likewise on account of 
the superiority which so sublime a science gave its disciples 
over the rest of mankind." 

Smith, p. 27. 

| Eumenius, speaking of the number of Masons that 
went over to the continent, about the beginning of the fourth 
century, says " even your city Autun, most devoted to your 
service, and in whose name I am especially to congratulate 
you, has been well stored with architects and Masons, since 
your victory over the Britons, whose provinces abounded with 
them ; so that it now rises in splendour, by the rebuilding of 
antient houses, erecting public works, and the instauration 
of temples. Thus the antient name of a Roman Brother- 



A Masonic Eulogy. 237 

to all its friends, to every one sincerely in- 
terested in the cause of humanity ; the hap- 
piness of his species. 

At the present, as in every former age 
over which it hath spread its principles, Ma- 
sonry constitutes the affectionate and indis- 
soluble alliance which unites man in warm 
cordiality with man. It forms the most libe- 
ral and extensive connections. No private 
prepossession nor national predilection, no 
civil policy nor ecclesiastical tyranny, no par- 
ty spirit, nor dissocial passion, is suffered to 
prevent the engagement, nor interfere with 
the free exercise of that brotherly love, relief, 
and fidelity, it fails not to produce. It has for 
ages been lamented, that petty distinctions 
and partial considerations, irrational preju- 
dices and contracted sentiments, should bo 
much obstruct the friendly intercourse of 
mankind. Masonry breaks down these for- 
midable barriers. In its solemn assembly, 
around its social altar, meet the inhabitants of 
different countries with benignant looks of 
esteem, and sentiments of unfeigned friend- 
^ood, which they long since enjoyed, is again restored, by 
having your Imperial Majesty for their second founder." 
Paneg. Ernp. Maximian, Aug. diet. 

See " Notices of the history of Free Masonry, in all parts 
of the world." 8vo. Boston, 1798, 



238 A Masonic Eulogy. 

ship. Around distant lands it casts Philan- 
thropy's connecting zone, and binds together 
in the same sympathies the whole family on 
earth. 

By the use of the universal language of Ma- 
sons, members of the fraternity of all nations 
communicate easily and freely with each 
other.* On every quarter of the globe they 
can make known their wishes, and be sure 
of finding aii attentive friend, a hospitable 
asylum, and liberal assistance. 

With Religion, whose sublime doctrines 
it cannot increase, whose noble precepts it 
cannot improve, and whose sanctions it dare 
not adjudge, Masonry does not interferes 
The duties of piety must be the voluntary 
and spiritual intercourse of man with heaven. 
Over them it usurps no controul and claims 
no jurisdiction. It is satisfied with teaching 
all the brethren to remember that " the eye 
which seeth in secret" observes all their 
conduct; that they must therefore " live as 
seeing him who is invisible," and have their 
souls raised superior to the gross indulgences 
of vice, and their affections refined by. the 

* " Free Masons possess what the learned have sought in 
vain, an invariable cyfiher for general communication." 
See Free Mason's Mag. Vol. I. p. 11. 
Mr. Locke's notes to the MS. Bodl. 



A Masonic Eulogy. 239 

sublime energies of virtue ; that they must 
be alive to all the engaging duties of benevo- 
lence, and be attached to their fellow men 
by all those tender ties of friendship and 
good will which hold the heart in the most 
permanent captivity. 

Such, my hearers, is the genius, the de- 
sign, and tendency, of this institution. 

But faint and imperfect is the representa- 
tion I have given. Yet I cannot but hope 
that, though it be but as the sun painted in 
the dew drop, it will be found to have the 
merit of reflecting something of the splen- 
dour of its original. 

I 
At the door of Masonry I stand with my 

taper. Would you view the glories of the / 

temple, enter in, and dwell there. 

The ingeniousness of nature, my brethren, 
kindles a blush at the praise which comes so 
near to ourselves. Yet, who, but one of 
its own members, can speak the eulogy of 
an establishment, all of whose regulations, 
and most of whose effects, are not open to 
general inspection, but designedly concealed 
from all but the initiated ? Determined by 
his conviction, and in the cause of truth, 



240 A Masonic Eulogy, 

reason and philanthropy, indifferent alike 
to ridicule and censure, the speaker asserts 
the high utility and value of this society, for 
the encouragement and cultivation of those 
attainments and qualities which are of vital 
consequence to moral and social man. He 
honours from his soul its laws : Those laws 
which softening nature by humanity melt 
nations into brotherhood. Happy would it 
be for the peace of the world were they 
more universally acknowledged. They would 
give quiet to the nations. They would an- 
nihilate the spirit of martial glory, and ut- 
terly debase the pomp of war. They would 
be instrumental in meliorating the disposi- 
tions of men ; in awakening and exercising 
their virtues ; in exalting their condition 
and their happiness. 

Seek ye a pure source of joys to enliven 
I your prosperity ? Ask ye for consolation in 
adversity ? Want ye relief from poverty ? 
Enter our temple and share our blessings. 
Friendship will conduct your faultering step, 
virtue will strengthen your resolutions, and 
wisdom enlighten your mind. There, also, 
pity and charity will direct your benevo- 
lence, and give value to the exercise of your 
. kindness. There hope will brighten your 
prospects, and glory crown your deeds. 



A Masonic Eulogy. 241 

To this commendation of our society, my 
beloved brethren, your knowledge and your 
hearts will bear willing testimony. Let the 
actions of your lives afford corroborative 
evidence. Answer the raised expectations of 
the world. While ambitious of extending 
the influence, neglect not to support the 
credit of this ancient and venerable society. 
May the amiable simplicity and goodness of 
your manners produce sentiments of esteem 
in others for the principles from which they 
arise ! Disgrace not your profession by any 
unworthy action.* Masonry may indeed 
suffer awhile from the suspicions of the 
ignorant and the censure of its enemies, but 
it can be lastingly injured only by the im- 
prudences and ill conduct of its members 
and friends. Let me therefore enjoin it upon 
you, while you treat with just indifference 
the insinuations and surmises of the disingen- 
uous and the perverse, to silence the tongue 
of reproach by the rectitude of your conduct, 
and the brilliance of your virtues. Let it be 
seen in you that our institution produces the 
good effects we have so openly boasted, and 
the virtues we have so frequently recom- 
mended and warmly approved. Fix your 

* In the ancient Masonic charges is this injunction : 
" Ye shall do no villainie whereby the craft may be slan- 
dered." 

2H 



242 A Masonic Eulogy. 

eyes steadily on the important object of your 
association. Let it open the affectionate em- 
brace of large philanthropy, and lift up the 
hands of rational devotion ! Let it exalt the 
capacity of the mind, refine the social sym- 
pathies, and form you for the noblest purpo- 
ses of reasonable life ! 

RIGHT WORSHIPFUL MASTERS, 

RESPECTED OFPICERS, AND BELOVED BRE- 
THREN ! 

« 

You this day assemble to celebrate the in- 
creased reputation and usefulness of Mason- 
ry ; and to pay the tribute of affectionate 
remembrance to its departed patrons and 
brethren. Let hilarity therefore be temper- 
ed with thoughtfulness. Forget not in the 
cheerfulness of the day to retain decorum in 
festivity, and innocence in mirth. Let vir- 
tue chasten your pleasures, and it will give 
them a higher relish. 

While you commemorate the wisdom and 

I glory of Solomon, the fidelity of Hiram, 

and the virtues of St. John, you will join 

also in celebrating the valour of Warren and 

| the wisdom of Franklin. While you 

praise departed worth, neglect not to honour 



A Masonic Eulogy. 243 

living virtue. And add to all your songs the 
chorus of acknowledgment and affectionate 
respect to our surviving patron and brother, 
Washington, " the friend of Masonry, of 
his country, and of man." 

Around the altar of friendship do we thus 
yearly assemble, and bring our votive incense 
to that temple which our predecessors found- 
ed on the firm basis of virtue, and supported 
by the pillars of wisdom, strength and beauty. 
We meet not to drain the bowl of intern/ 
perance, nor to indulge the excesses of glut- 
tony : But to renew the cordialities of 
friendship, the resolutions of love and g0od 
will. We assemble not to disturb the peace 
of mankind by the busier plans of ambition, 
nor to fabricate those arts of luxury ^hich 
but augment the miseries of life : Our object 
is to enliven the kindly sensibilities of human 
nature, and all the sweet civilities of social 
intercourse. 

CHILDREN OF LIGHT ! 

The duties of your profession are interest- 
ing and important. The duties of society and 
of religion are also binding upon you. May 
you discharge them all with fidelity and ho- 
nour ! Then, when the events of time shall 



244 A Masonic Eulogy. 

be ended, and the retributions of eternity 
begin, when the morning stars shall again 
sing together and the sons of God shout for 
joy, ye shall join the animating chorus and 
share the glorious triumph. Ye shall be 
deemed worthy to enter the doors of the 
celestial temple, to be adorned with jewels 
beautified with immortality, and advanced to 
glories incomparably more resplendent than 
any here below. 

SO MOTE IT BE ! 



CHARGE 



Delivered before the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, June 24th, 
A. L. 5795. 



AN submission to the appointment, and 
in compliance with the request of the vene- 
rable officers and beloved brethren of this 
grand lodge, I rise to give the customary 
masonic charge. To make apologies now, 
would be ineffectual. And to intreat indul- 
gence in behalf of what it is expected, I should 
enforce by authority, would but diminish 
the dignity of the precepts to be inculcated, 
and weaken the influence of the caution to 
be impressed. I cannot doubt the candour 
of the liberal ; and need not fear the cen- 
sure of the prejudiced. It will suffice if 
this respected audience be but convinced, 
from my honest developement of the charac- 
ter and simple statement of the duties of 
Free Masonry, that the principles upon which 



246 Masonic Charge. 

the institution is founded are salutary, and 
that the morals it enjoins are pure. 

To give to these principles and these mo- 
rals their proper force, recollect, my beloved 
brethren, that I stand in the place, and speak 
by the authority of that divine Mason whose 
anniversary you celebrate. On this occasion 
you are to regard me as his representative. 
To his counsels you are invited to listen. 
" The same came for a witness ■, to bear witness 
of the light, that all men through him might 
believe." As the herald, commissioned to 
awake attention to the glories of the bright- 
est scene that ever dawned upon the earth, 
he calls for the reformation of those preju- 
dices which preclude acknowledgment of the 
doctrines of heavenly truth, and those cor- 
ruptions which prevent diffusion of the sys- 
tem of unbounded love. 

Let your minds be open to conviction. 
Examine with the utmost freedom. Be wil- 
ling to adopt what you find to be excellent ; 
and in the best of causes to be the warmest 
of advocates. 

The duties of piety claim your first and 
chiefest attention. Their sacred spirit should 
sanctify, pervade, and influence all your 



Masonic Charge. 247 

thoughts and actions, ennoble all your pur- 
suits, and be both the beginning and the end 
of whatever deserves the name of wisdom. 

Demonstrate by devout reverence and 
habitual goodness, your homage, fidelity and 
love to the almighty architect. Ever 
act as under the inspection of that " Eye 
which seeth in secret." Neglect not to im- 
plore the assistance of the Deity in your 
building ; work by his perfect plans : and 
consecrate the edifice you finish to his glory 
and praise. 

Weigh well the powers of simple piety ? 
Make it the key-stone in your arch of virtue ; 
And it will keep that graceful fabric firm, 
Though all the storms of fortune burst upon it. 

Forge r not that you have professed your- 
selves " members of the great temple of the 
universe, ready to obey the laws of the 
Grand Master of all, in whose presence you 
seek to be approved." 

Next cultivate and exercise the principles 
of generous philanthropy and munificent 
benevolence. Your liberalities and affections 
must not be limited to kindred and neigh- 
bours ; nor circumscribed within the narrow 



248 Masonic Charge. 

confines of selfinterest or personal obligation ; 
but uniformly directed to the general wel- 
fare, must be dilated into an exercise wide 
and extensive as human kind. " You must 
assuredly know that in all the bonds by 
which we are united ; in all the lectures 
we receive ; and in all the exercises by 
which we endeavour either to amuse, in- 
struct, or benefit each other ; strict justice 
and universal charity form the principle, the 
sentiment, and the labour of the Free and 
Accepted Mason."* 

In the endeared and sublime friendship 
you have formed, you are to consider, more 
especially, the interests of a brother as in* 
separable from your own. And your's is the 
sweet satisfaction of alliance with those, to 
whose bosoms you may confide the most im- 
portant and secret thoughts, without distrust 
or fear; and in whose hearts you may 
always be sure to find an unfailing willing- 
ness to be interested for you, to solace your 
griefs, calm your inquietudes, relieve your 
necessities and lighten the burden of your 
labours. Every member of this society is 
happy in the enjoyment of that reciprocal 
confidence and esteem which amply provides 

* Inwood's sermons, p. 75. 



Masonic Charge. 249 

for the mutual interchange of affectionate 
services and assistance. 

Reverence the laws, and coniform to the 
usages of our venerable constitution. Dis- 
countenance every deviation from its princi- 
ples, and carefully avoid any innovation in 
its long established practices. In retaining 
their primeval simplicity, you approach near- 
est to their original purity, and best answer 
their original intent. 

These are some of your leading duties. 
Such is the excelling nature of our institu- 
tion ; which, as it honours itself by its les- 
sons, so may we honour it by our virtues. 
Let us on all occasions support its digni- 
ty and maintain its credit. May our whole 
conduct prove our conviction of its ex- 
cellency, and bear evidence to its happy 
effect. 

Proceed, brethren, with firmness in the 
lucid path pointed out for your steps. 

Be the animating spirit of our association 
the incitement to your noblest employment, 
a'nd the enlivener of your most exalted de- 
lights ! 



21 



250 Masonic Charge. 

Still may your bosoms glow with | the 
ardour of kindness, and still possess the un- 
suspecting security and undiminished ten- 
derness of friendship and love ! 

Suffer no consideration to induce you 
to act unworthy the respectable character 
you bear. But ever display the discretion, 
the virtue, the dignity and the harmony, 
which become you as the sons of reason, 
the disciples of wisdom, and the brethren of 
humanity ! Thus will your conduct lend 
distinguished lustre to your profession, and 
contradict the scoffs of those who contemptu- 
ously overlook or studiously depreciate in a 
Mason even the most eminent instances of 
merit. 

O ye, whom curiosity, or the pursuit of 
amusement hath drawn into this assembly. 
Would to GOD that such smiles of good 
humour as suffuse your cheeks, and such 
beams of joy as irradiate your eyes, glowed 
on the cheeks and brightened in the eyes, 
of every son and daughter of Adam ! 
And that all might, like you, participate 
the happiness which results from the pri- 
vileges of freedom, is refined by knowledge, 
and perfected in the reign of virtue andpeace ! 



Masonic Charge. 251 

But consent to look abroad into the 
world. It may interrupt, indeed, for one 
painful moment, the cheerful flow of your 
spirits : But it will teach you some most im- 
portant lessons. See the members of a most 
extensive family engaging in perpetual con- 
tests. Man, who ought to be the friend, the 
brother, becomes the enemy of man. The 
lust of power and domination, every mean 
propensity, every turbulent passion, excites 
variance and leads to outrage. The crimson 
standard of war is erected. Nations furiously 
press around it. And the most populous 
and flourishing countries exhibit the most 
sanguinary scenes of desolation. You shud- 
der at the painful view. You tremble for 
the distresses of mankind, and anxiously 
inquire, What can mitigate the sufferings 
these occasion? What project for reconcilia- 
tion can be devised ? Who will communicate 
a plan, easy to be adopted and effectual in its 
exercise, which will restore its rights to vio- 
lated nature, and its supremacy to depressed 
humanity : Which will banish entirely every 
unsocial passion, and establish perpetually 
universal peace ? With what animated plea- 
sure would we listen to the proposal which 
promised such desirable effects ! How would 
we all rejoice in its ready adoption and gene- 
ral diffusion ! 



252 Masonic Charge. 

Assuredly, then, you will observe with 
pleasure the increasing progress of Masonry. 
At least you will not withhold your encou- 
ragement From an institution which has the 
most manifest tendency to annihilate all party 
spirit, to concilitate all private opinions, and 
by the sweet and powerful attractions of love 
to draw into one harmonious fraternity, men 
of all nations and all opinions. Who can 
remain unmoved and cold at the idea of the 
manifold good that may and will be effected 
by such an institution ! What generous citi- 
zen will hesitate at making it his duty and 
joy to contribute what he can to the accom- 
plishment of such delightful hopes! 

Let us all join in the fervent wish for suc- 
cess to all such motives as enforce, and all 
such societies as encourage philanthropy and 
virtue. And may the whole brotherhood of 
mankind be united in the harmony of love, 
and blessed with the tranquillity of peace ! 



FIRST DEGREE 



Entered Apprentices, at their making, are charged that they 
should travel honestly, love their fellows as themselves, and be 
faithful to the Lodge." 

Antient MS. in the reign of Echv. III. 



ADDRESS TO A BROTHER AT HIS RECEPTION. 
BROTHER. 

A SALUTE you cheerily and affec- 
tionately by this endearing appellation. The 
communications made on our part, and the 
engagements entered into on your's, are 
mutual pledges of confidential trust and 
agreement, and tokens of an attachment sa- 
cred and inviolable. 

From this moment we shall feel a special 
claim upon your friendship, and a special in- 
terest in your welfare : and Ave hope you 
will cultivate a warm attachment to that 
family of love into which you are now 



254 Charge at the first Degree. 

adopted; the pleasures and advantages of 
which you are beginning to realize. And 
we are certain that the better you understand, 
the more you will admire our principles and 
practices. 

Our good opinion of you induced us to 
receive with pleasure your application ; and 
vote, unanimously, to admit you into our 
society. We have always wished to bring 
into our alliance the wise and the good ; 
that, while we attach them to us, by the 
light we convey, we may borrow lustre for 
our institution from their talents and their 
virtues. Let our expectations of you be all 
accomplished. Retain, we entreat you, that 
goodness of heart, that fair fame, that purity 
of intention, and love of virtue, of which 
we believe you now possessed; and of which 
the spotless vestment wherewith you' are now 
girded, is at once the emblem, the badge, 
and the reward. 

Be just to yourself and to us, to your pro- 
fession and engagements ; and it will be ap- 
parent to all that, in becoming a Mason, you 
become a better man. 

Now look around you ! Those, whose eyes, 
sparkling with joy, and countenances, dressed 



Charge at the first Degree, 255 

in smiles, are directed towards you, are your 
brethren. Ready to discharge all the of- 
fices of that intimate relation, they now bid 
you welcome to their number and fellowship, 
to their affections and* assistance, to their 
privileges and joys ; and through me they 
promise to protect you by their influence 
and authority, to advise you by their abilities 
and skill, to assist you in exigence by their 
liberality and bounty, and to cheer you at 
all times with their kindness and love. And 
you will have the happiness of experiencing 
the truth of this antient remark that " Masons 
being brethren, there exist no invidious distinc- 
tions among them .•"* and that they " love each 
other mightily, as hath been said; which indeed 
may not otherwise be, for good men and true, 
knowing each other to be such, do always love 
the more as they be the more goody \ 

This, brother, is the beginning of our art. 
How successful is its progress, and how hap- 
py is its end, you may fully know if you are 
but attentive, faithful and wise. Your dili- 
gence and activity in work, your skill in ac- 
quiring the instructions of your degree, and 

* Antient Masonic MS. 

f See the Bodlean MS. with the notes and explanations of 
the celebrated John Locke, Esq. 



256 Charge at the Jirst Degree. 

your zeal in the cause of Free Masonry, will 
lead you forwards to higher grades, to clearer 
views, and to nobler privileges.* 

* " Masonry is a progressive science, and not to be at- 
tained in any degree of perfection but by time, patience, and 
a considerable degree of application and industry ; for no 
one is admitted to the profoundest secrets, or the highest 
honours of this fraternity, till by time we are assured he 
has learned secrecy and morality." 

See a sermon entitled " Masonry founded on Scrifiture" 
by the Rev. W. Williams. 1752. 



SECOND DEGREE 



They that be Labouring Jlen, or Craftsmen, do it truly. 
Antient Charges, MS. 



ADDRESS TO A BROTHER ON HIS BEING 
CRAFTED. 

▼V E have now endeavoured, brother, 
to reward your diligence by conferring on 
you a higher rank in the scale of Masonry ; 
making to you new and interesting discove- 
ries ; and assigning you work in an elevated 
apartment of the temple. 

In behalf of the brethren, I congratulate 
your preferment. I assure you that the step 
you have taken is a safe one ; and with a 
single eye you may see that your stagings are 
firm, your situation secure, and your pros- 
pects brightened. 

You will now be instructed in the use of 
tools of a more artful and ingenious con- 
2K 



258 Charge at the second Degree. 

struction. Be not regardless of their sym- 
bolic application. By them you will learn 
to reduce rude matter into form, and rude 
manners into the more polished shape of 
moral and religious rectitude ; becoming 
thereby, yourself, a more symmetical part of 
the structure of human society. By the 
square of justice, learn to measure your ac- 
tions. To the level of humility and conde- 
scension, reduce your disposition and de- 
meanor : And by the plumb line of rectitude 
regulate all your moral conduct. 

The grade to which you are now ad- 
vanced has its appropriate services and du- 
ties. It demands the exercise of strength, in- 
tellectual and moral ; and it calls for the 
extension of rehef to your brethren, accord- 
ing to your ability and their exigence. 

While invincible as a Mason, and brave 
as a man ; be sure to display the benignity 
of the friend, and the kindness of the brother. 

You are to learn, now, to encounter trials 
with unyielding stability ; and to endure 
tribulation with submissive patience. And 
you will find that Masonry prevents the 
pusilanimity of dejection, and silences the 
murmurs of discontent, by encouragements 



Charge at the second Degree. 259 

and supports peculiar to itself.* But should 
a lot be your's in life, as we fervently hope, 
exempt from the pains of affliction and the 
pressure of adversity, let the lessons, you are 
now acquiring teach you to help and relieve 
all your destitute and distressed brethren to 
the best of your power. Be willing to distri- 
bute to the necessitous a portion of those 
bounties your prosperity can spare ; and ready 
to communicate to the afflicted some of those 
precious consolations which sympathy pre- 
pares and kindness administers. And your's 
be all the blessings promised the merciful by 
the God of mercy ! 

BROTHER, 

We have seen with pleasure your improve- 
ment in our art ; and are convinced that your 
industry and perseverance will soon lead you 
to the acquirement of greater knowledge and 
entitle you to greater honours. 

* "Maconnes teach the skylle of becommynge gudge and 
parfyghte, withoughten the holpynges of fere and hope.*' 

MS. BODL, 



THIRD DEGREE 



Every one shall aunsivere these three questions ; How hast thou 
entered ? How hast thou wrought ? How hast thou lived ? And 
if he he can assoile these, and hath laud therein, he may be raised 
and honoured and rewarded." Antient ms. 



ADDRESS TO A BROTHER AT HIS RAISING. 



X HE arcana of our craft are imparted 
gradually to it members, according to their 
improvement. As you have acquitted your- 
self well as an expert and ingenious crafts- 
man, in reward for your diligence and inge- 
nuity we now admit you to our most confiden- 
tial communications, and exalt you to the sub- 
lime degree of master mason. 

This, brother, is a privilege which but 
few obtain : and must be more grateful 
to you as the badges with which you are 
now invested, are conferred only on the wor- 
thy and the wise. 



262 Charge at the third DegreeS 

The affecting scene through which you 
have just passed must have deeply impressed 
your mind. Let the solemn cautions with 
which it was accompanied, and the excellent 
lessons it inculcates, be always remembered 
and invariably observed. 

Support with dignity the respectable cha- 
racter you now bear. 

Be just to your profession, and true to your 
engagements. Hold fast your integrity ; and 
let no offers bribe and no threats intimidate 
you to betray your trust or violate your vow. 
Be faithful unto the death, and the acacian 
fragrance of a good report will embalm your 
memory. At the Supreme Grand Master's 
word your body will be raised in honour, and 
your reward be glorious in the region of light 
and lfe eternal ! 



A 

CHARGE, 

AT THE OPENING OF A LODGE. 

BRETHREN, 

X BEHOLD you again assembling to- 
gether, with those complacent emotions 
of affection which animate the meeting of 
dearest friends that have been some time 
separated. 

After this interval you must have acquired 
an increased relish for the interesting exercises 
of this retreat ; and you undoubtedly return 
with new alacrity to your labours of love. 

And now, brethren, with that closing 
door, the busy world is shut out ; and with 
it, all its perplexities, and cares, and sorrows. 
None of them are suffered to intrude upon 
our happy privacy. Here nothing enters 
but " innocent pleasures, pure joys, and ra-' 
tional gaities," 



264 Charge at the opening of a Lodge* 

Come, then y ye who are emulous to excel 
in the true, the good, or the great ! Enjoy- 
ing the bright auspices and emanations of 
that glorious Sun, which now sheds around 
you the clearest, the most cheering rays, 
your understandings will become more en- 
lightened with wisdom, your hearts more 
warmed with beneficence. Come, you are 
welcome guests at the feast of charity and 
the refreshment of love ! 

Ye, Brethren, are not in darkness. Walk 
as children of the light. Observe the strict- 
est decorum. Carefully attend to every in- 
struction here ofFerred, and readily compfly 
with every requirement here enjoined. Be 
diligent in the duties of your respective sta- 
tions : and may the joys of unity and peace 
prevail ! 



CHARGE, 

AT THE CLOSING OF A LODGE. 

BRETHREN, 

JL OU are now to quit this sacred re- 
treat of friendship and virtue , to mix again 
with the world. Amidst its concerns and 
employments, forget not the duties you have 
heard so frequently inculcated, and forcibly 
recommended in this Lodge. Be, therefore, 
diligent, prudent, temperate, discreet. Re- 
member also, that around this altar you have 
solemnly and repeatedly promised to befriend 
and relieve, with unhesitating cordiality, so 
far as shall be in your power, every brother 
who shall need your assistance : That you 
have promised to remind him, in the most 
tender manner, of his failings, and aid his 
reformation. Vindicate his character when 
wrongfully traduced. Suggest in his behalf 
the most candid, favourable, and paliating 
2L 



266 Charge at the closing of a Lodge. 

circumstances, when his conduct is justly 
reprehended. That the world may observe 
how Masons love one another. 

These generous' principles are to extend 
farther. Every human being has a claim up- 
on your kind offices. So that we enjoin it 
upon you " to do good unto all," while 
we recommend it more " especially to the 
household of the faithful." 

By diligence in the duties of your respec- 
tive callings, by liberal benevolence, and dif- 
fusive charity, by constancy and fidelity in 
your friendships, by uniformly just, amiable, 
and virtuous deportment, discover the bene- 
ficial and happy effects of this antient and 
honourable institution. 

Let it not be supposed that you have here 
laboured in vain, and spent your strength for 
nought ; for your work is with the Lord, 
and your recompense with your God. 

Finally, brethren, farewell. Be ye all of 
one mind. Live in peace. And may the 
God of love and peace delight to dwell with 
and to bless you! 



AN 



ADDRESS, 

AT THE INTERMENT (WITH MASONIC HONOURS) OF 

BROTHER SAMUEL PIERCE, JUN. 

OF DORCHESTER ; 

Who was unfortunately drowned near Long-Island, 
October 16, 1796. JE. So. 

JJEAR is estimated the name of friend. 
Lovely is the relation which cements con- 
genial souls. But dearer still the amity, 
more intimate the connection, my brethren, 
which unites our hands and hearts. How 
painful then the catastrophe in which is dis- 
solved an alliance so close and so affection- 
ate ! Alas ! how forcibly do we feel this now ! 
Death, regardless of those sweet engage- 
ments, those pleasing intercourses, and those 
improving joys, which Masons know, has 
suddenly summoned away, in the midst of his 
days and usefulness the valued brother whose 



268 Funeral Address. 

remains we have just lodged in the silent tomb. 
We beheld his sun in its meridian, and re- 
joiced in its brightness. It is now set ; and the 
evening shades of existence have closed 
around. Blessed be his rest, and soft and safe 
to him the mortal bed! Sweet be the open- 
ing flowers we plant around : fragrant the 
cassia sprig that here shall flourish !* while 
we his memory cherish, his virtues imitate, 
his death improve ! 

With bleeding hearts we sympathize with 
the disconsolate widow, the bereaved pa- 
rents, the afflicted friends. Their griefs are 
our's, for our's the loss they feel. But let 
vis look forward, enlightened by religion, to 
the brighter scene, when our brother, who 
is now levelled by the stroke of death, shall 
be raised from his prostrate state, at the Su- 
preme Grand Master's ziwJ, and be admit- 
ted to the privileges of the Lodge Celestial. 
Let us comfort one another, with these 
words. With these prospects let us console 
the widow and the mourners. And permit 
me, brethren, in their behalf to tender you 
a tribute of lively acknowledgment for the 
respect you shew the deceased. Your kind- 
ness, attention, and sympathy are peculiarly 

* Alluding to the Jiowers and twigs the brethren had 
strewed around the entrance to the tomb, 



Funeral Address. 269 

grateful and soothing to their agonized hearts. 
Their tears, their looks thank you, though sor- 
row denies their lips an utterance. 

" These last offices we pay the dead ought 
to be improved as useful instructions to the 
living." Let us all remember that, " the 
generations of men are like the waves of the 
sea." In quick succession they follow each 
other to the coasts of death. Another and 
another still succeeds, and presses on the 
shore ; then ebbs and dies to give place to 
the following wave. Thus are we wafted 
forward. Now buoyed, perhaps by hope ; 
now sinking in despair : rising on the tide of 
prosperity ; or overwhelmed with the billows 
of misfortune. Sometimes, when least ex- 
pected, the storms gather, the winds arise, 
" and life's frail bubble bursts." Be caution- 
ed then, nor trust to cloudless skies, to placid 
seas, or sleeping winds. Forget not there are 
hidden rocks. Guard, too, against the sud- 
den blast. Be faith your pilot ; you will 
then be safely guided to the haven of eternal 
bliss. 

u There may you bathe your weary soul 

In seas of heavenly rest ; 
And not a wave of trouble roll 

Acrost your peaceful breast !" 



AN 



ADDRESS. 



Delivered at the request of the Officers and Members of Columbian 
Lodge t onthe Dedication of their New Hall, June 24, 1800. 



BRETHREN, 

J. HE ceremonies we are about to per- 
form are not unmeaning rites, nor the amu- 
sing pageants of an idle hour ; but have a 
solemn and instructive import. Suffer me to 
point it out to you, and to prepare your 
minds for those important sentiments they 
are so well adapted to convey. 

This Hall, designed and built by wisdom, 
supported by strength, and adorned in beauty 
we are first to consecrate in the name of 
the great Jehovah.* Which teaches us 

* See the ceremony of dedication, in the Book of Con- 
stitutions . 



272 On the dedication of Columbia Hall, 

in all our works begun and finished to ac- 
knowledge, adore, and magnify him. It re- 
minds us, also, in his fear to enter the door 
of the lodge, to put our trust in him while 
passing its trials, and to hope in him for the 
reward of its labours. 

Let, then, its altar be devoted to his ser- 
vice, and its lofty arch resound with his 
praise ! May the eye which seeth in secret 
witness here the sincere and unaffected piety\ 
which withdraws from the engagements of 
the world to silence and privacy, that it may 
be exercised with less interruption and less 
ostentation. 

Our march round the lodge reminds us of 
the travels of human life, in which Masonry 
is an enlightened, a safe, and a pleasant path. 
Its tassalated pavement of Mosaic work inti- 
mates to us the chequered diversity and un- 
certainty of human affairs. Our step is time ; 
our progression, eternity. 

Following our antient constitutions, with 
mystic rites, we dedicate this Hall to the 
honor of masonry. 

Our best attachments are due to the craft. 
In its prosperity we find our joy ; and, in 



On the dedication of Columbia HalL 273 

paying it honour we honour ourselves. But 
its worth transcends our encomiums, and its 
glory will out- sound our praise. 

Brethren, it is our pride that we have our 
names on the records of Masonry : may it be 
our high ambition that they should shed a 
lustre on the immortal page ! 

The Hall is also to be dedicated to virtue. 

This worthy appropriation will always be 
duly regarded while the moral duties which 
our sublime lectures inculcate with affecting 
and impressive pertinency, are cherished in 
our hearts and illustrated in our lives. 

As Free Masonry aims to enliven the spirit 
of philanthropy, and promote the cause of 
charity, so we dedicate this Hall to univer- 
sal benevolence ; in the assurance that 
every brother will dedicate his affections and 
his abilities to the same generous purpose . 
that while he displays a warm and cordial 
affection to those who are of the Fraternity, 
he will extend his benevolent regards and 
good wishes to the whole family of man- 
kind. 

2M 



274 On the dedication of Columbia Hall. 

Such, my brethren, is the significant mean- 
ing of the solemn rites we are now to per- 
form, because such are the peculiar duties of 
every Lodge. I need not enlarge upon them 
now, nor shew how they diverge, as rays 
from a centre, to enlighten, to improve, and 
to cheer the whole circle of life. Their import 
and their application is familiar to you all. In 
their knowledge and their exercise may you 
fulfil the high purposes of the masonic insti- 
tution ! 

How many pleasing considerations, my 
brethren, attend the present interview.— 
Whilst in almost every other part of the 
world political animosities, contentions, and 
wars, interrupt the progress of humanity and 
the cause of benevolence, it is our distin- 
guished privilege, in this happy region of 
liberty and peace, to engage in the plans and 
to perfect the designs of individual and so- 
cial 'happiness. Whilst in other nations our 
order is viewed by politicians with suspicion, 
and by the ignorant with apprehension ; in 
this country, its members are too much re- 
spected and its principles too well known, to 
make it the object of jealousy or mistrust. 
Our private assemblies are unmolested ; and 
our public celebrations attract a more gene- 
ral approbation of the Fraternity. Indeed* 



On the dedication of Columbia Hall. 275 

its importance, its credit, and we trust its 
usefulness, are advancing to a height un- 
known in any former age. The present oc- 
casion gives fresh evidence of the increasing 
affection of its friends ; and this noble apart- 
ment, fitted up in a style of elegance and con- 
venience which far exceed any we have 
among us, does honour to Masonry, as well 
as the highest credit to the respectable Lodge 
for whose accommodation and at whose ex- 
pense it is erected. 

We offer our best congratulations to the 
worshipful master, wardens, officers and 

MEMBERS Of the COLUMBIAN LODGE. We 

commend their zeal, and hope it will meet 
with the most ample recompense. May their 
Hall be the happy resort of piety, virtue, 
and benevolence ! May it be protected 
from accident, and long remain a monument 
of their attachment to Masonry ! May their 
Lodge continue to flourish ; their union to 
strengthen ; and their happiness to abound ! 
And when they, and we all, shall be removed 
from the labours of the earthly lodge, may 
we be admitted to the brotherhood of the 
perfect, in the building of God, the hall not 
made with hands, eternal in the heavens ! 



INVOCATION. 



Supreme Architect of all worlds! vouch- 
safe to accept the solemn dedication of this 

Hally TO THE GLORY OF THY HOLY NAME ! 

Make its walls salvation, and its arch praise ! 
May the brethren who shall here assemble, 
meet in unity, work in love, and part in har- 
mony ! May Fidelity keep the door, Faith 
prompt the duties, Hope animate the labours, 
and Charity diffuse the blessings of the 
Lodge ! May wisdom and virtue distinguish 
the Fraternity, and Masonry become glorious 
in all the earth ! 

So mote it be! amen ! 



THE 



FRATERNAL TRIBUTE, 



RESPECT 



PAID TO THE 



MASONIC CHARACTER 



OF 



WAsauiH(B , ff(DS9 



9 



UNION LODGE, 

IN 

DORCHESTER, 

January 7tk, A. L. 5800. 



INFORMATION. 



AS soon as the members could conveniently be 
called together, after the mournful intelligence ar«t 
rived of the death of their illustrious Brother 
George Washington, they assembled to pay their 
funeral honours to his memory. 

The hall, the furniture of the lodge, and the 
brethren, were all dressed in the badges of mourn- 
ing : and the apartment but dimly lighted. 

The following address was delivered : an occa- 
sional dirge was sung, and a well adapted anthem 
chanted, by the choir. 

Appropriate testimonials of respect closed the 
solemnities. 



ADDRESS 



AH, my brethren, what a change do 
we perceive ! Our lodge,the lightsome abode 
of joy, how darkened with the gloom of sor- 
row ! Instead of the gay splendour with which 
it was irradiated, a pale sepulchral light dim- 
ly gleams in its recesses. The cheerful sa- 
lutation with which we were wont to hail the 
beloved member or welcome the accepted 
visitant, is now exchanged for the look of 
sadness and the condolence of sympathy. We 
forego the sprightly song for the solemn 
dirge, and the cup of pleasure for the chalice 
of woe. The regalia are all veiled in black, 
and every thing about us bears the tokens 
of the loss we have sustained in the death of 
Washington, the patron, the ornament, 
the pride of our Fraternity. We assemble to 
dwell in pensive recollection on his sublime 
virtues, to record his social worth, and to 



280 Fraternal tribute of respect to the 

give vent in privacy to our unaffected sorrows 
at his decease. 

His modest and unambitious spirit, which 
shrunk from the pomp of life, and delighted 
rather in the silent satisfaction of doing well, 
than in the loud applauses of the world for 
having done so, would not disdain the hum- 
ble honours we pay : though artless, yet cor- 
dial ; though unostentatious, yet sincere. 

It is not in our power to make a parade of 
funeral obsequies^ nor to erect a pompous ce- 
notaph to his fame ; but what we can, we do ; 
we inscribe his worth on our memories, and 
inshrine his virtues in our hearts. 

When we consider him as a General and 
a Statesman, we are filled with admiration. 
When we recognize in him the defender, 
deliverer, and father of his country, our 
bosoms glow with gratitude. But when we 
behold him in the less majestic but more en- 
gaging character of a brother, his memory is 
endeared to our affections and has a peculiar 
claim upon our love. 

Possessing dispositions congenial with the 
genuine spirit of Free Masonry, he early be- 
came a member of the society. Habitually 



, Character of Washington. 281 

desirous of enlarging the sphere of social 
happiness and of promoting the cause of 
philanthrophy, he discovered in our order 
means eminently conducive to these impor- 
tant purposes.* It gave a nobler expansion 
to his charity, a wider range to his benevo- 
lence. Accordingly, he engaged in the plans 
and assisted the labours of the lodge, with a 
high satisfastion which those only can feel 
whose hearts are warmed with the same dis- 
interested love, and enlarged with the same 
good will. 

When harassed by the fatigues of war or 
the concerns of public life, he was fond of 
seeking the refreshment and enjoying the sere- 
nity always to be found within the peaceful 
walls of the lodge. There every perplexing- 
anxiety subdued, and every tumultuous 
thought was calmed. There he obtained 
relief "from his cares, or strength to rise above 
them. There his spirit was enlivened 
and his joys restored ; every cloud dispers- 
ed, and a bright sunshine illuminated his 
prospects. 

* See this most beautifully alluded to, and most happily 
expressed in his answer to the address of the Grand Lodge 
of Massachusetts on their presenting him a copy of the 
Book of Constitutions. 

2N 



282 Fraternal tribute of respect to the 

He passed the vsrious grades and filled the 
several offices of the lodge ; and was tried, 
proved and accepted in thern all. And whe- 
ther we contemplate him as exalted to the 
chair of Solomon, to instruct and govern ; 
or returning to the level of his brethren to 
partake their toils and share their duties ; 
we have equal occasion to admire the dignity 
and humility of his character, the noble ele- 
vation and amiable condescension of his man- 
ners.* So, when raised to the highest mil- 
itary and civil honours his grateful country 
could bestow, even, when filling the rank of 
president or the united states he deem- 
ed it no derogation of his distinguished 
eminence and station to be considered as a 
Mason\* 

In short, his love for the order, his zeal 
in promoting its interests, and his testimoni- 

* In the course of the revolutionary war, this exalted 
hero frequently visited a Lodge where a Sarjeant presided 
as Master. 

f This is proved by his answers to the various compli- 
mentary addresses of mo:.t of the Grand Lodges in America. 
His reply to one from King David's Dodge in New 
port (R.I.) contains this declaration : " Being persuaded 
that a just application of the principles on which the Ma- 
sonic Fraternity is founded, must be promotive of private 
virtue and public prosperity, 1 shall always be happy to 
advance the interests of the society, and to be considered 
by them as a deserving brother." 



Character of Washington. 283 

als in its favour, have not only revived its 
pristine credit, but given it new consequence 
and reputation in the world. 

The honour thus conferred upon us has 
been peculiarly serviceable at the present day, 
when the most unfounded prejudices have 
been harboured against Free Masonry, and 
the most calumnious impeachment brought 
forward to destroy it. But our opposers 
blushed for their censures when we reminded 
them that Washington loved and patronized 
the institution. 

When the order was persecuted by reli- 
gious fanaticism and political jealousy, his 
unsullied virtue was its apology, and his 
irreproachable life its pledge. He advocated 
its principles, because he had found them to 
be pure ; and commended its designs because 
he knew them to be generous. 

What an irreparable loss, to be deprived 
of such a patron at such a time ! Ages, per- 
haps, will pass away, before our Fraternity 
may boast at its head a character so great. 

Yet let not our enemies suppose they may 
triumph now that he lives not to confute 
their aspersions. The superior lustre of his 



284 Fraternal tribute of respect to the 

name will out- shine the flashes of their re- 
sentment, and reflect a glory upon Masonry 
which can never fade. 

Happy in its original value and grateful 
for its augmented fame, let us resolve never 
to forfeit nor lesson the present high respect- 
ability of the craft. Let our lives be adorn- 
ed with those social and moral virtues which 
become us as the sons of light, and the bro- 
thers of Washington. We shall honour him 
by honouring the institution of his early at- 
tachment, and latest veneration. His vir- 
tues illustrated its principles, and his benevo- 
lence explained its tendencies. O might 
our virtuous actions and benevolent pur- 
poses, formed by the same discipline and 
excited by the same motives, emulate his ! 
And, though they fall, at last, far> far behind 
in merit and effect ; it will be to their praise 
that they were modelled after those that 
were sublime and perfect. 

Illustrious Washington ! We lament 
thee as mortal by nature, but we celebrate 
thee as immortal by virtue ! We mourn thy 
departure from earth, but rejoice at thy arri- 
val in heaven ! Having been faithful in all 
thy course, thou art now raised to the sub- 
lime degree of light ineffable. Taught 



Character of Washington* 285 

by thy example worthily to pass the proba- 
tionary grades of time, we will hope to fol- 
low thee to the Grand Lodge of kindred 
spirits. 

' Farewell, till the grand summons : then 
brother, we will rise and meet thee ! 



THE 

WHICH WAS, SUNG ON THE OCCASION. 

WHILE all our nation, whelm'd in grief, 
Lament their General, Patriot, Chief, 

Let us, his brethren, long revere 

A name to Masonry so dear ! 

In mystic rites our Lodge displays 
Its sorrows and its patron's praise ; 

And spreads fresh garlands round the tomb, 
Where the sweet cassia long shall bloom. 

Look to the East; its splendours fail ! 

The lesser lights grow dim and pale ! 
— -The glory once reflected here 
Now dawns upon a higher sphere. 



3VU1S0XIC BY&GE 



COMPOSED AT THE REQUEST OF THE GRAND LODGE 
* OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



[Set to music by the R. W. Brother Holden", and sung" on the 11th 
Feb. 5800, the day set apart by the Grand Lodge, to pay their 
funeral honours to their Brother George Washij^gtox.] 



WHILE every Orator and Bard displays • 
The Heroes glory and the Patriot's fame ; 

And all, the Guardian of their Country praise, 
Revere his greatness and his worth proclaim — 

We mourn the Man made our^s by tenderest ties, 
Their honour' d Chiejtain, our lov'd Brother dies ! 

Come then, the mystic rites no more delay; 
Deep silence reigns, the tapers dimly burn : 

Wisdom and Fortitude the requiem pay, 
And Beauty strews fresh garlands round the urn, 

A Mason, brothers ; a Grand Master dies ! 
The cassia sprig designates where he lies. 

As Love Fraternal leads our footsteps there,. 
Again to weep, again to bid adieu, 

Faith views the soul, releas'd from mortal care, 
Through spheres empyreal its blest course pursue, 

'Till it the Lodge of Perfect Light attain ; 
There may we meet our Washington again. 



HT2VLX 



Sung at the Consecration of Union Lodge, tit Dor chest e 
June 24, 1797. 



I, 

GREAT source of light and love, 
To thee our songs we raise ! 

O in thy Temple Lord above, 
Hear and accept our praise ! 

II. 

Shine on this festive day, 
Succeed its hop'd design : 

And may our charity display 
A love resembling thine. 

III. 

May this fraternal band, 

Now consecrated, bless'd, 
In union all distinguished stand, 

In purity be dress'd ! 

IV. 

May all the sons of peace 
Their every grace improve j 

'Till discord through the nations cease 
And all the world be love ! 



TRANSLATION OF THE NOTES. 



PAGE 16. 



THIS is genuine and indissoluble fraternity, growing 
out of the virtue and perfection of minds ! "whose once formed 
league, neither the diversity of desires nor contrariety of 
wills can disannul : whose principles lead to venerate the 
worthy and rebuke the dissolute member ; to be obliging to 
the brother when present, and not to speak ill of him when 
absent; to congratulate him in health, and not to desert 
him when infirm ; to rejoice with him if rich, and to assist 
him if poor. 

PAGE 19. 

For a brother not to desert his brother, is also a rare ho- 
nour to that near relationship. 

A true companion loves at all times : he is a brother born 
for adversity. 

PAGE 21. 

As when the Sun breaks forth with splendours gay, 
The shadow follows his all-guiding ray ; 
But soon as clouds o'ercast his happier light, 
Follower no more ! She takes her faithless flight: 
The world's vain friends, ungenerous, thus recede, 
When Fortune's glooms to brighter days succeed. 

In misfortunes the friend deserts his friend. 

PAGE 26. 

Dear Brother of the choice ! A band more sacred 
Than Nature's brittle tie !- 

PAGE 33. 

Companions, cherished with fraternal love ! 

20 



290 Translation of the Notes. 

PAGE 36. 

Now came the Orator, and audience ask'd : 
Bearing the peaceful olive branch. 

PAGE 60. 

Among other good things which render men amiable to 
their neighbours and pleasing to God, we believe that to be 
most acceptable, which insures charity in the heart, and 
operates as a bond of union to different minds. This good is 
Peace, by which hatred is dispelled, ranceur allayed, envy 
driven away, and anger repressed ; which pacifies the mind, 
conciliates the heart, assuages the breast, and renders con- 
cordant the affections. This is what we seek to plant, to 
propogate, and to nourish among the sons of the church : 
this is what we wish to bring to fruit among kings, princes, 
and great men.* 

PAGE 62. 

These men, skilled in divine and human knowledge, do 
not disclose to the vulgar the hidden significations contained 
under the natural appearances, but veil them under figures 
and emblems. Yet they are ready to reveal them, in a pro- 
per place, and with due ceremonies, to those who are de- 
sirous and worthy of being initiated. So far I may be per- 
mitted to say, with respect; preserving a reverential silence 
as to what farther relates to these mystic rites. [This note 
is extracted from a ivork o/*Heliodorus, Bishop q/"Tric- 
ca, who flourished in the ivth century."] 

Most of the other Latin notes are explained in the pas- 
sages to which they are annexed. 

' * I have taken the liberty to translate two or three sen- 
tences more of this fine paragraph than what I had tran- 
scribed for a note. 



DISSERTATION 

ON THE 

TESSERA HOSPITALIS 

OF THE 

ANTIENT ROMANS ; 
WITH A DESIGN TO ILLUSTRATE REV. II. 1?. 

TO WHICH IS ADDEJ), 

AN ACCOUNT OF THE ROMAN ARRHA HO SPIT ALE - 

AND 

OF THE BACILLUS, MENTIONED 

BY 

OLAUS WORMIUS, 

" USE HOPITALITY ONE TO ANOTHER." 1 PET. IV. 9. 



PROLOGUS. 



" In Theologo accuratum illud antiquitatis stu- 
dium, si abest, fortasse non requiram ; si adest, ve- 
hementer amplectar. Nee solum quasi ornamentum, 
sed etiam, fas si dicere, adjumentum. Nam in his- 
toria sacra multa esse, quorum penitior intelligentia 
pendeat a moribusetliteris antiquis, nemo negabit." 
J. Lipsius, Epist. 1. 3. Ep, 10. 



INTRODUCTION. 

► 

IN the following dissertation I have 
frequently used the term friendships^ the latin 
hospitalitas. In justification of which I pre- 
fix the following authorities. 

"Hospes proprie dicitur qui privatim et 
amicitia causa, vel recipit, vel recipitur. 
Unde et pro externo amico capitur, et hospi- 
tiumipYO amicitia. Hine hospitalit as, facilitas 
vel benignitas in recipiendo ; et hospitaliter, 
adv. benigne, et faciliter."* 

" Virtus unde hoc proficiscitur, nobilis- 
sima prsestantissimaque est ; qua nimirum 
peregrinos et advenas, quocunque possumus, 
humanitatis, benignitatis, benevolentiseque 
genere persequimur, illis aedes domosque 
nostros patefacimus, cibum potumque liber- 
aliter praebemus."f 

" In hospltium venire ;" id est, inviolabilem 
amicitiam introire. 

* Langius. f Stuckius, antiq. convivialesp.S7. 



294 Introduction. 

" Hospitality was that tie among the 
antients which was ratified by particular 
ceremonies, and considered as the most sa- 
cred of all engagements ; nor dissolved, ex- 
cept with certain solemn forms, and for 
weighty reasons." 

" Hospitality was universally practis- 
ed in the earliest times. It was almost the 
only thing that attached nations to each 
other. It was the source of the most antient, 
the most lasting, and the most respected 
friendship, contracted between families who 
were separated by immense regions."* 

* Abbe Raynal, Hist, cf the Indies. 



CHAP. I. 

OF THE TESSERA H0SPITAL1S, 

SECTION I. 

Method of contracting Friendship. 

A HOSE persons among the Greek s 
and Romans who were desirous of perpetu- 
ating their attachment, of rendering its 
union more sacred, and of insuring to it pri- 
vileges more extensive, used the following 
method. They took a small piece of bone, 
ivory, or stone, and dividing it into equal 
and similar parts, one of them wrote his 
name upon one of these, and his friend upon 
the other : they then made a mutual ex- 
change ! promising to consider and retain 
the little tally as a pledge of inviolable 
friendship. 

" Veteres, quoniam non poterant omnes 
suos hospites noscere, tesseram illis dabant, 
quam illi ad hospitia reversi ostendebant 
praeposito hospitii ; unde intelligebantur hos- 
pites."* 

♦Luctatius in Stat Theb. vii. 23". 



296 Dissertation, fcfc. 

The Scholiast of Euripides* describes this 
custom as it was used amongst the Greeks. 

" Ot /utv %ivx/ut.tvoi Tia-iv ctsr^nyctxov x.a]atsjuvov')ic ) QctTtgoT /u« v 
x.silaxt/u7ra.tvov cfarofi^aL/uhois, ivct u Jioi ttaxiv auras, A n T85 
tmtvuv tTri^x&cti, 7rgo? ct\K»X%; tTntyo/uivoi to itjutru airily ctxtov 

ctvmvlo t»v fs>i*v." That is ; " They had a cus- 
tom, when a friendship had commenced, to 
take a white stone and engrave theron any 
word upon which the parties had mutually 
agreed. Then they brake the stone in the 
midst, dividing the word, and one half was 
kept by one friend, and the remaining half 
by the other, as a constant memorial of 
their friendship." 

Koempfer mentions the use of the tessera 
in contracting frienships in Persia. f 

The particular shape and figure of the 
token, was such as was agreed upon by the 
contractors. 

Of this kind of tessera several are preserv- 
ed to this day in the cabinets of Antiquarians. 
Some of them, as described by Thomasinus, 
may be seen delineated in the Frontispiece 
of this volume, A, a. B, b. C, c. reduced to 
about one fourth of their size. 

* In Medea, v. 613. f Amenit. Exot. p. 736. 



Dissertation^ &c. 297 

SECTION II. 

The use and sacred nature of this Contract, 

THE producing of the tessera was a recog- 
nition of the covenant of friendship. And 
with it the traveller was sure to be received 
with distinguished marks of civility, and to 
obtain a hearty welcome at the house of his 
friend. 

So highly was this alliance esteemed, that 
it was preferred even to relationship. To 
express, in the most forcible terms, their 
veneration for it, and their sense of its sacred 
nature, the antient Romans gave to their 
Sovereign of the Gods the title of Jupiter 
Hospitalis.* 

This excellent usage established friend- 
ship even between individuals of different 
nations. 

Cicero recommended several persons, 
and promoted their interest from this con- 
sideration. Thus, in his letter to Sulpitius, 

* Virg. JEn. lib. 1. v. 735. So the Greeks styled him 
Hospitable Jove. See Homer's Odys. lib. ix. v. 269. and 
lib. xiv. v. 55. 

2P 



298 Dissertation, fcfc. 

the govenor of Achaia, he -introduces Lyso 
to his favour, by saying, " Cum Lysone 
Patrensi est mihi quidem hospitium vetus, 
quam ego necessitudinem sancte colendum 
puto."* 

Even war between their respective nations 
did not disannul the union. Historians have 
recorded several instances of combatants lay- 
ing down their arms in the heat of battle, 
out of a pious regard to the alliance of hos- 
pitality which had been entered into by their 
progenitors. . 

Lest any one, besides the person to 
whom it rightfully belonged, should claim its 
privileges, the little pledge was preserved 
with the utmost care and secrecy : and no 
one knew the name inscribed on it but the 
possessor. 

* Eftist. ad Famil 19. lib. in. 



Dissertation, &c. 299 

SECTION III. 

The connection was indissoluble except by a 
public disavowal. 

THE engagement thus entered into could 
not be dispensed with, unless publicly disa- 
vowed in a juridical manner. One of the 
ceremonies practised in this solemn act of re- 
nunciation, was to break the mark or symbol 
of hospitality. By this act, he who came to 
this open rupture, authentically declared, he 
would for the future have no more com- 
merce with him who had broken his faith 
with him. 

" Abi, quaere ubi jurejurando tuo satis sit 
subsidii ! Hie, apud nos, jam, Alsesimarche, 
confregisti tesseram."* 

See, also, an instance recorded by Livy,t 
where Badius Campanus renounces the friend- 
ship of Q. Crispinus. 

Isiodorus declares " Veteres quando sibi 
promittebant, stipulam tenentes frangebant, 
quam iterum jungentes sponsiones suas ag- 
noscebant."$ 

* Plaut. Cisterel. Act ii- Sc. i. v. 27. f Decad. Hi. lib. 5, 
% Lib. v. 



300 Dissertation, Esfc. 

SECTION IV. 

Disgrace of violation. 

THIS connection was founded upon all 
that was honourable in character, virtuous in 
principle, and generous and affectionate in 
disposition. Nothing, therefore, was con- 
sidered so base as a violation of it. " Non 
defuere tamen, qui ferarum more, non homi- 
num, ab omni humanitate alieni erant, ut non 
benigne hospites ad mensam admitterant, sed 
mensce apponerent."* 

Plutarch informs us that those who vio- 
lated these bonds, were looked upon as wick- 
ed and abominable, both among Greeks and 
Romans : and the most injurious thing that 
could be said of a man, was to charge him 
with having disregarded the laws of hospi- 
tality. " The vengeance of Jupiter, the pa- 
tron of hospitality and friendship, visited 
Philip (says he) for his breach of both, and 
pursued him through life. For he was beaten 
by the Romans, and forced to yield himself 
to their discretion. In consequence of which, 
he was stripped of all the provinces he had 
conquered ; gave up all his ships, except five ; 

* CvESarius, dial. 2. 



Dissertation, &c. 301 

obliged himself to pay a thousand talents, 
and delivered his son as a hostage. He even 
held Macedonia and its dependencies only at 
the mercy of the conquerors. Amidst all 
these misfortunes, he was possessed only of 
one blessing, a son of superior virtue ; and 
him he put to death, in his envy and jealousy 
of the honours the Romans paid him."* 

Horace, speaking of a degenerate person, 
to complete his character, declares him 



" et penetralia 



Sparsisse nocturno cruore 
Hospilis." 

Cicero, in his invectives against Verres, 
among other crimes, charges him with having 
been a frequent violator of the rights of 
hospitality. " Num te ejus lachryniEe, num 
senectus, num hospitii jus atque nomen, a 
scelere aliquam ad partem humanitatis revo- 
care potuit ? Sed quid ego hospitii jura in 
hac tarn immani bellua commemoro, qui 
Sthenium Termitanum, hospitem suum, cu- 
jus domum per hospitium exhausit et exinani- 
vit, absentem in reos retulerit, causa indicta, 
capite damnarit : ab eo nunc hospitiorumjura 
atque officia quseramus?" 

* Plutarch's lives, V. 6. p. 196. Langhorne's translation. 



302 Dissertation, £sfc. 

" Unpitied may he die 
Who to a friend assistance can deny ; 
Nor, to afflicted virtue kind, 
Unlocks the treasures of his mind !"* 



SECTION V. 



The privileges of this Friendship might be 
claimed by the descendants of the contracting 
parties. 

WHEN this Friendship was contracted it 
became perpetual. The memorials of it were 
transmitted from father to son. 

" Eo presente homini extemplo ostendit 
symbolum, Quern tute dederas ad eum, ut- 
ferret filio."t 

Plautus, in his comedy entitled Poenulus, 
plainly intimates that the descendants of 
those who formed the friendly compact, 
might challenge its rights. In the second 
scene of Act v, he, who had made " the 

* Euripid. Medea. Potter's translation. 
% Plaut. Bacchid. Act. II. Sc. 3. 






Dissertation, &fc. 303 

brotherly covenant" with Antidamus, 'comes 
to his son, not doubting of an affectionate 
welcome ; for, saith he, 

" Deum hospitalem, ac tesseram mecum fero." 

The interview which succeeds, is a pleas- 
ing illustration of many of the preceding re- 
marks. Poenulus is introduced inquiring for 
Agorastocles, who thus replies, 

" Siquidemae tu Antidam hie quaeris adoptatitium, 
Ego sum ipsus, quem tu quaeris. 

PCEN. Hem ! quid audio ? 

AG. Antidamae gnatum me esse. 

PCEN. Si ita est, tesseram conferre si vis hospitalem, 
Eccam attuli. 

AG. Age dum hue ostende ! Est par? Probe. 
Nam habeo domi. 

PCEN. O mi hospes, salve multum ! Nam mihi 
tuus pater, 
Pater tuus ergo mihi Antidamas fuit. 
Haac mihi hospitalis tessera cum illo olim fuit. 

AG. Ergo hie apud me hospitium tibi prsebebitur. 



304 Dissertation, &c. 

PCEN. Dii dent tibi omnia quae velis \ v 

The antient Greeks, also, deposited these 
tokens among their treasures, to keep up the 
memory of their friendships to succeeding 
generations ; as we are informed by the com- 
ment of Eustathius on that passage of Homer 
where Diomedes recounts to Glaucus the 
gifts which their ancestors Oeneus and Belle- 
rophron had presented each other. 



SECTION VI. 



A Practice of this kind seems to have been 
in use among the early christians. 

TERTULLIAN has these words : " Sic 
omnes probant unitatem ; dum est illis com- 
municatio pacis, et appellatio fraternitatis, et 
contesseratio hospitalitatis : quae jura non 
alia ratio regit quam ejusdem sacramenti una 
traditio."* 

The tessera was carried by them in their 
travels as an introduction to the friendship 

* De Prcescri/i. cap. 20. See also S. Ambros- lib. ii. 
offic. cap. 21, and lib. iii. cap. 7. Chrysostom. condone 2, 
de Lazaro. Augustin. serm. 70, de temp.. Concil. Tri- 
dent, sess.xxv. c. 8. 



Dissertation, £sfc. 305 

and brotherly kindness of their fellow chris- 
tians.* Afterwards, heretics, to enjoy those 
privileges, counterfeited the tessera. The 
christians then altered the inscription. This 
was frequently done, till the Nicene council 
gave their sanction to those marked with the 
initials of the words n*T» § , r*>c, Aytov awf**. 
These B. Hildebrand calls " tesserae cano- 
nical. "f 

The impostor Peregrinus, as we learn from 
the particulars stated by Lucian,J feigned 
himself a christian, that he might not only 
be clothed and fed by them, but assisted on 
his travels and enriched by their generosity. 
But his artifice was detected and exposed. 

" Peregrinus, philosophus gentilis, lucri 
causa religionis christians stimulator, etiam 
carcerem toleravit ; sed collecta non parva 
pecunia ex eleemosynis Sanctorum, descivit, 
satis sibi aiens in hospitalitate christiano- 
rum.§ 

* C. Corn a Lapide, Comment, in Pauli Apost. e/iist. 
Haebr.cap. xiii. 

f Col in Alma Julia. 

X Luciani ofiera,tom. III. lib. 9. p. 325. edit. Am&t. 1743- 

§ Euseb. chron. anno xti. 78. See also the testimonies 
ofAuLus Gellius, Ammianus Marcellinus, Athe- 
nagoras, and Tertullian. 

2Q 



306 Dissertation, &c. - 

The procuring a tessera, as a testimony of 
evangelization, answered all the purposes, 
and saved the trouble of formal written cer- 
tificates, and introductory letters of recom- 
mendation. The danger of its being used by 
impostors, as in the case of Peregrinus, made 
it necessary to preserve the token with great 
care, and never to produce it but upon spe- 
cial occasions. Notwithstanding the simplici- 
ty of this method, it continued in use until 
the time of D. Burchardus, Abp. of Worms, 
who flourished A. D. 1020, who mentions it 
in a visitation charge. 



SECTION VII. 

Application. 



WE find from the foregoing sections that 
the tessera was the testimonial and pledge of 
the most perfect friendship ; the obligations 
of which were mutual, sacred, and indissolu- 
ble, and the benefits perpetual. The little 
token was carefully and privately kept, that 
no one might claim and enjoy its privileges, 
but he for whom they were intended. And 
this custom, I have thought, gives the most 
ai -::- i; :ai:cn of the following passage 
in Revelations li. 17. To him that over com- 



Dissertation, &c. 307 

eth will I give a white stone, and in the stone a 
new name written, which no man knoweth, 
saving he that receiveth it. Allowing the verse 
to refer to the beforementioned method of 
commencing and perpetuating, a special 
Friendship, the promise will be to this effect: 
To him that overcometh will I give a pledge 
of my affection, which shall constitute him 
my friend, and entitle him to privileges and 
honours, of which none else can know the 
value or extent.* 

The following apostrophe in Dr. Watts' 
lxxviii hymn of the 1st book, is a happy il- 
lustration of this passage. It represents the 
Saint entreating his beloved Lord. 

" O let my name engraven stand 
Both on thy heart and on thy hand, 
Seal me upon thine arm, and wear 
That pledge of love forever there ! 

Stronger than death thy love is known, 
Which floods of wrath could never drown ; 
And hell and earth in vain combine 
To quench a flame so much divine. 

But I am jealous of my heart, 
Lest it should once from thee depart ; 
Then let thy name be well imprest 
As a fair signet on my breast !" 

* See more particularly Discourse V,. 



308 Dissertation, &c. 

SECTION VIII. 

Objections removed, 

THE opinion of learned commentators 
upon this verse in the Apocalypse, so far as 
they differ from this explanation, will be con- 
sidered as lessening its consequence ; the 
object of this section therefore, is to make 
some remarks upon the most plausible con- 
structions of this passage. The explications 
which have been generally adopted, are the 
following. 

1. The text has been considered as allud- 
ing to the black and white stones with which 
the judges, among the antients, condemned 
or acquitted the criminal. 

" Mos erat antiquis, mveis atrisque lapillis, 
His damnare reos, illis absolver-e culpa."* 

But the latter part of the verse convinces 
us that it could not intend this practice ; for 
on these tesserae there was no name written. 

2. Others have supposed it an allusion 
to the stone given to servants when they 
were liberated by their masters, accompanied 

* Ovid. 



Dissertation, &c. 309 

by the name of Freedman. Yet the benefit, 
the honour, and the privileges of this eman- 
cipation must be conferred in vain, or rather 
could not be given at all, unless known to 
others besides him who received them. 

3. It has again been supposed to allude 
to the token or ticket given to the con- 
queror in the Olympic games, expressing 
his name and signifying the reward he was 
to receive for his achievements : but here 
the name must be known or the reward could 
not be procured. 



310 Dissertation, £sfo. 

CHAP. II. 

OF THE ARRHA HOSPITALE. 

THIS name was given to the pocket- 
pieces, or keep-sakes, formed by breaking a 
piece of money in two. Such broken coins 
are frequently found at Rome. On one side 
are the heads of Aug. Cesar and M. 
Agrippa ; and on the other a crocodile chain- 
ed to a tree, *with the words COL. N£M. 
[Colonia Nemausus] a province of Gaul, 
with which those Princes were rewarded af- 
ter the conquest of Egypt. See in the Fron- 
tispiece, E, e. 

Plautus introduces Palaestrio, in his co- 
medy entitled " Miles Gloriosus," presenting 
a token of this name. 

" Hunc arrabonem amoris primum a me 
recipe."* The Romans, probably, obtained 
both the word and the custom from the an- 
tient Hebrews. The word is used, 1 Sam- 
uel, xvii. 18. where David is sent to the 
camp to see how his brethren fared, and to 
take their Dro-p [arrabon] pledge. The 
Greek word *gg*£«v, a pledge, or surety, 6c- 

* Act. IV. Seen. i. 



Dissertation, &fc. 311 

• 

curs 2 Cor. i. 22. v. 5. and Ephes. i. 14. It 
is, also, used in the Septuagint version of 
Gen. xxxvii. 17, 18, 20. where it answers to 
the Hebrew ?w-«r. 

In the Frontispiece, D, d. is copied, from a 
plate of curious articles, an antique, which 
from its form, and the clasped hands engrav- 
ed upon it, will be readily understood to be- 
long, to this class of tesserae : and may be 
considered as corroborative proof that the 
custom we are elucidating came originally 
from the Hebrews. 



312 Dissertation, bV. 

CHAP. III. 

OF THE BACILLUS. 

THE bacillus was a love -token entirely re- 
sembling the tessera hospitalis. It is thus 
described by Olaus Wormius : " Bacillus est 
quadratus trium pollicum longitudine ; lat- 
itudine tertia parte pollicis ; latera quatuor 
characteribus insignita habens ; expruno syl- 
vestri, ut videtur, fabricatus."* 

A figure of one he has given may be seen 
in the plate, F, f. He supposes the letters to 
be amatorial, and so written as to convey in 
an intricate, or anagrammatic, manner the 
name of the lover, in a sentiment of attach- 
ment intelligible to all. 

The words on the tessera amatoria or bacil- 
lus, which he has described are : 

By naff a vuet kierestce miria off 
Thenkestol inde Landum, 
vt Nomen meum novit amicissima mea 
Ex amoris hac tessera Landum." 

* Moniummta Danicorum lib. xvii. 



Dissertation, &c. 313 

" Blest be the pledge, whose kind enchantment gives 

To wounded love the food on which it lives ! 

Rich in this gift, though cruel ocean bear 

The youth to exile from his faithful fair, 

He in fond dreams hangs o'er her glowing cheek, 

Still owns her present, and still hears her speak." 

Hayley, 



2R 



CONSTITUTIONS 



CHAPTER L 

Of those who would be Free and Accepted 
Masons. 

JjEFORE we enter upon the duties of 
the operative Mason, in the various offices to 
which he may be called in the lodge, it is 
proper to give some account of what is ab- 
solutely requisite in all who aspire to partake 
of the sublime honours of those who are 
duly initiated into the mysteries, and instruct- 
ed in the art of ancient masonry. 

SECTION I. 

Of God and Religion. 

Whoever, from love of knowledge, inte- 
rest, or curiosity, desires to be a mason, is to 



316 Constitutions. 

know that, as his foundation and great cor- 
ner stone, he is firmly to believe in the eter- 
nal God, and to pay that worship which is 
due to him, as the great architect and go- 
vernor of the universe. 

A mason must observe the moral law. And 
if he rightly understand the royal art, he will 
never be an atheist, or an irreligious liber- 
tine ; and will never act against the great in- 
ward light of his own conscience. 

He will likewise shun the errors of bigotry 
and superstition ; making a due use of his 
own reason, according to that liberty where- 
with a mason is made free : for though in an- 
cient times, masons were charged to comply 
with the religious opinions and usages of the 
country or nation where they sojourned or 
worked, yet it is now thought most expedi- 
ent that the brethren in general should only 
be charged to adhere to the essentials of re- 
ligion, in which all men agree ; leaving each 
brother to his own judgment as to particular 
forms. — Whence being good men and true, 
of unsullied honour and unfailing honesty, 
the order becomes the centre of union, and 
the means of conciliating true friendship.* 



* " Gude menne and true, hennynge eidher odher to be 
soche, doe always love the more as they he more gude." 

Ancient MS. Bodl. 



Constitutions. 317 



SECTION II. 



Of Government, and the Civil Magistrate. 

Whoever would be a true mason is farther 
to know, that by the privileges of his order, 
his obligations as a subject and citizen will 
not be relaxed, but enforced. He is to be a 
lover of peace, and obedient to the civil pow- 
ers which yield him protection, and are set 
over him, where he resides, or works. Nor 
can a real craftsman ever be concerned in 
conspiracies against the state, or be disre- 
spectful to the magistrate ; because the 
w r elfare of his country is his most happy ob- 
ject. 

Now, if any brother, forgetting for a time 
the rules of his craft, and listening to evil 
counsels, should unhappily fall into a contrary 
conduct, he is not to be countenanced in his 
crimes or rebellion against the state ; but he 
forfeits all the benefits of the lodge, and his 
fellows will refuse to associate or converse 
with him in private, while he continues in 
his guilt ; that no offence may be given to 
lawful government. Such a person, however, 
is still considered as a mason ; his title here- 
to being indefeasible : and hopes are to be 
entertained, and endeavours used, that the 



318 Constitutions. 

rules of the craft may again recover him to 
his duty. 

From the constant desire of true masons to 
adorn the countries where they reside with 
all useful arts, crafts and improvements, they 
have been, from the earliest ages, encourag- 
ed and protected by the wisest rulers of states 
and commonwealths ; who have likewise 
thought it an honour to have their names en- 
rolled among the fraternity, and have become 
the patrons of the craft. And thus masonry, 
having always flourished most in the peacea- 
ble times of every country ; and, having suf- 
fered in a particular manner through the ca- 
lamitous effects of war, the craftsman are 
the more strongly engaged and inclined to 
act agreeably to the prime principles of their 
art, in following peace and /ove, as far as pos- 
sible, with all men. 

And as political affairs have occasioned 
discord amongst the nearest relations, and 
most intimate friends, masons are enjoined 
never to speak of, or discuss, them in the 
lodge. 

SECTION III. 

Of Private Duties. 

Whoever would be a mason should know 
how to practise all the private virtues. He 



Constitutions. 319 

should avoid all manner of intemperance, or 
excess, which might prevent his perform- 
ance of the laudable duties of his craft, or 
lead him into enormities, which would reflect 
dishonour upon the ancient fraternity. He 
is to be industrious in his profession, and true 
to the Lord and Master he serves. He is to 
labour justly, and not to eat any man's bread 
for nought ; but to pay truly for his meat and 
drink. What leisure his labour allows, he 
is to employ in studying the arts and sciences 
with a diligent mind, that he may the better 
perform all his duties, to his Creator, his 
country, his neighbour, and himself. 

He is to seek and acquire, as far as possi- 
ble, the virtues of patience, meekness, self -de- 
nial, forbearance, and the like, which give 
him the command over himself, and enable 
him to govern his own family with affection, 
dignity and prudence : at the same time 
checking every disposition injurious to the 
world, and promoting that love and service 
which brethren of the same household owe 
to each other. 

Therefore, to afford succour to the distres- 
sed, to divide our bread with the industrious 
poor, and to put the misguided traveller into 
the way, are duties of the craft, suitable to 
its dignity, and expressive of its usefulness. 
Bat, though a mason is never to shut his ear 



320 Constitutions. 

unkindly against the complaints of any of 
the human race, yet, when a brother is op- 
pressed or suffers, he is in a more peculiar 
manner called to open his whole soul in love 
and compassion to him, and to relieve him 
without prejudice, according to his capacity. 

It is also necessary, that all who would be 
true masons should learn to abstain from all 
malice, slander and evil speaking ; from all 
provoking, reproachful and ungodly lan- 
guage : keeping always a tongue of good re- 
port. 

A mason should know how to obey those 
who are set over him ; however inferior they 
may be in worldly rank or condition. For 
although masonry divests no man of his ho- 
nours and titles, yet, in the lodge, pre-emi- 
nence of virtue, and knowledge in the royal 
art, is considered as the true source of ail no- 
bility, rule and government. 

The virtue indispensibly requisite in ma- 
sons, is secrecy. This is the guard of their 
confidence, and the security of their trust. — 
So great stress is to be laid upon it, that it is 
enforced under the strongest penalties and 
obligations ; nor, in their esteem, is any man 
to be accounted wise, who has not intellec- 
tual strength and ability sufficient to cover 
and conceal such honest secrets as are com- 



Constitutions. 321 

niitted to him, as well as his own more seri- 
ous and private affairs. * 

SECTION IV. 

Of Prerequisites* 

No person is capable of becoming a mem- 
ber, unless, together with the virtues afore- 
mentioned, or at least a disposition to seek 
and acquire them, he is also free born ; of 
mature and discreet age ;* of good report ; 
of sufficient natural endowments, and the 
senses of a man ; with an estate, office, trade, 
occupation, or some visible way of acquiring 
an honest livelihood, and of working in his 
craft, as becomes the members of this most 
ancient and honourable fraternity, who ought 
not only to earn what is sufficient for them- 
selves and families, but likewise something 
to spare for works of charity, and supporting 
the true dignity of the royal craft. Every 
person desiring admission must also be up- 
right in body, not deformed or dismembered, 
at the time of making : but of hale and en- 
tire limbs, as a man ought to be. 

No brother shall propose for admission in- 
to this ancient and honourable society, any 

* Not under twenty-one years, 

2S 



322 Constitutions. 

person, through friendship or partiality, who 
does not possess the moral and social virtues, 
a sound head and a good heart ; and who 
has not an entire exemption from all those ill 
qualities and vices, which would bring dis- 
honour on the craft. 

section v. 

Instructions for the Candidate. 

A strict, though private and impartial, in- 
quiry will be made into the character and 
ability of the candidate, before he can be 
admitted into any lodge : and by the rules of 
masonry, no friend, who can wish to propose 
him, may shew him any favour. But if he 
have a friend who is a mason, and is every 
way satisfied, his duty is described as fol- 
lows : 

SECTION VI. 

Of proposing Candidates. 

Every person desirous of being made a 
free -mason in any lodge, shall be proposed 
by a member, who shall give an account of 
the candidate's name, age, quality, title, trade, 
place of residence, description of his person, 



Constitutions. 323 

and other necessary requisites ; as mentioned 
in the foregoing sections. And it is generally 
required, that such proposal be also seconded 
by some one or more members, who are ac- 
quainted with the candidate. Such propo- 
sals shall also be made in lodge hours, at 
least one lodge night before initiation ; in 
order that the brethren may have sufficient 
time and opportunity to make a strict inquiry 
into the morals, character, and circumstances 
of the candidate : for which purpose a spe- 
cial committee is sometimes appointed. 

The brother who proposes a candidate 
shall, at the same time, deposit such a sum of 
money for him as the rules or by-laws of the 
lodge may require ; which is forfeited to the 
lodge, if the candidate should not attend ac- 
cording to his proposal ; but is to be returned 
to him if he should not be approved or 
elected. In case he be elected, he is to pay, 
in addition to his deposit, such farther sum 
as the laws of the lodge may require ; and 
clothe the lodge, or make some other pre- 
sent, as his circumstances will admit, and the 
brethren agree to accept, for the benefit of 
the craft and of distressed members. 



324 Constitutions. 



SECTION VII. 

The Candidate* 

He has a right, before his admission, to de- 
sire his friend to shew him the warrant, or 
dispensation, by which the lodge is held ; 
which, if genuine, he will find to be an in- 
strument written, or printed, upon parchment, 
and signed by some grand-master, his deputy, 
the grand wardens, and grand secretary ; 
sealed with the grand lodge seal : constitut- 
ing particular persons, therein named, as 
master and wardens, with full power to con- 
gregate and hold a lodge at such a place, and 
therein " make and admit free-masons, ac- 
cording to the most ancient and honourable 
custom of the royal craft, in all ages and na- 
tions throughout the known world, with full 
power and authority to nominate and choose 
their successors," &>c. 

He may also request the perusal of the by- 
laws ; which being short, he may read in the 
presence of his friend, and be shewn a list of 
the members of the lodge : by ail which he 
will better be able to judge whether he could 
associate with them, and render a ready con- 
formity to their rules. Being thus free to 
judge for himself, he will not be liable to the 



Constitutions. 325 

dangers of deception. But, on the contrary, 
will be admitted into a society, where he may 
converse with men of honour and honesty — 
be exercised in all the offices of brotherly 
love, and be made acquainted with some 
things, of which it is not lawful to speak, or 
make known out of the lodge. 

Previously to his introduction, every can- 
didate ought to subscribe the following decla- 
ration : 

" I, A. B. do seriously declare, upon my 
honour, that, unbiassed by friends, and unin- 
fluenced by unworthy motives, I freely and 
voluntarily offer myself a candidate for the 
mysteries of free-masonry ; that I am solely 
prompted by a favourable opinion conceived 
of the institution, a desire of knowledge, and 
a sincere wish to be serviceable to my fellow- 
creatures : and that I will cheerfully conform 
to the ancient established usages and cus- 
toms of the society. As witness my hand, 
this day of in the year ." 

A, B. 

%'fl Witnesses, 



326 Constitutions. 

CHAPTER II. 
OF A LODGE, AND ITS GOVERNMENT. 

SECTION I. 

Of a Lodge. 

A lodge is a place where masons assemble 
and work : hence that assembly, or duly or- 
ganized society of masons, is called a lodge:* 
and every brother ought to belong to one, 
and to be subject to its by-laws and the gene- 
ral regulations. It is either particular or ge~ 
ral, and will be best understood by attending 
it, and by the regulations of the general or 
grand lodge hereunto annexed. In ancient 
times, no master or fellow could be absent 
from it, especially when warned to appear at 
it, without incurring a severe censure, until 
it appeared to the master and wardens, that 
pure necessity hindered him. 

SECTION II. 

Of Officers and Members, in general. 

A lodge ought to assemble for work at 
least once in every calendar month ; and 

* So the word church is expressive both of the congrega- 
tion and the place of worship. 



Constitutions. 327 

must consist of one master, two wardens, 
senior and junior, one secretary, one trea- 
surer, two deacons, one or more stewards, a 
tyler, and as many members as the master 
and the majority of the lodge shall think 
proper : although more than forty or fifty 
(when they can attend regularly, as the 
wholesome rules of the craft require) are 
generally found inconvenient for working to 
advantage ; and, therefore, when a lodge 
comes to be thus numerous, some of the 
ablest master workmen, and others under 
their direction, will obtain leave to separate, 
and apply to the grand lodge for a warrant to 
work by themselves, in order to the advance- 
ment of the craft, as the laws hereafter to be 
delivered will more particularly shew. 

Every member of a working lodge should 
be a master-mason. 

SECTION III. 

Of the Master — his Election, Office, and Duty. 

All preferment among masons depends on 
real worth and personal merit only, that the 
society may be well served, and the royal 
craft maintained. 

No brother should be master till he has 
first served a lodge acceptably in the office 



328 Constitutions. 

of warden ; unless in extraordinary cases, or 
when a new lodge is to be formed, and no 
past or former warden is to be found among 
the members. But, three master-masons, 
although they have served in no such offices, 
if they be well learned, may be constituted 
master and wardens of such new lodge, or of 
any old lodge in the like emergency ; and it 
shall be their first duty to qualify themselves 
thoroughly for their office. 

The master of every lodge shall be an- 
nually chosen by ballot, on some stated lodge 
night. Each member hath one vote. And 
when the ballot is closed, the former master 
shall carefully examine the votes, and audibly 
declare him who hath the majority to be duly 
elected. In like manner shall the lodge pro- 
ceed in the choice of all the other officers ; 
great care being taken, that none be put in 
nomination, for favour or affection, birth or 
fortune, exclusively of the consideration of 
real merit, and ability to fill the office, for the 
honour and advancement of masonry. No 
mason chosen into any office can refuse to 
serve, unless he has served in the same office 
before. The master of every regular lodge, 
thus duly elected and installed, has it in spe- 
cial charge, as appertinent to his office, duty 
and dignity, to see that all the by-laws of 
his lodge, as well as the general regulations 



Constitutions* 329 

from the grand lodge, be duly observed ; that 
his wardens discharge their office faithfully, 
and be examples of diligence and sobriety to 
the craft ; that true and exact minutes and 
entries of all proceedings be made and kept 
by the secretary ; that the treasurer keep 
and render exact and just accounts at the 
stated times, according to the by-laws and or- 
ders of the lodge ; and, in general, that all 
the goods and monies belonging to the body 
be truly managed and dispensed, according 
to the vote and direction of the majority. 

The master shall also take care that no 
apprentice or fellow craft be taken into his 
house or lodge, unless he has sufficient em- 
ployment for him, and finds him to be duly 
qualified, according to the rules before laid 
down, for learning and understanding the sub- 
lime mysteries of the art. Thus shall apprenti- 
ces be admitted, upon farther improvement, as 
fellow crafts ; and, in due time, be raised to the 
sublime degree of master masons ; animated 
with the prospect of passing in future through 
all the higher honours of masonry, viz. those 
of wardens and masters of their lodges, and 
perhaps at length of grand wardens and grand 
masters of all the lodges, according to their 
merit. 

The master of a particular lodge has the 
right and authority of calling his lodge, or con- 
2T 



330 Constitutions. 

gregating the members into a chapter, at 
pleausure, upon the application of any of the 
brethren, and upon airy emergency and oc- 
currence, which, in his judgment, may re- 
quire their meeting ; and he is to fill the chair 
when present. It is likewise his duty, toge- 
ther with his wardens, to attend the grand 
lodge, at the quarterly communications ; and 
such occasional or special grand communica- 
tions as the good of the craft may require, 
when duly summoned by the grand secretary, 
and within such reasonable distance of the 
place of holding the grand lodge, as the laws 
of the same may have ascertained. When 
in the grand lodge, and at general as well as 
special communications, the master and ward- 
ens, or either of them, have full power and 
authority to represent their lodge, and to 
transact all matters as well and truly as if the 
whole body were there present. 

The master has the right of appointing 
some brother, who is most commonly the 
secretary of the lodge, to keep the book of 
by-laws, and other laws given to the lodge 
by proper authority ; and in this book shall 
also be kept the names of all the members 
of the lodge, and a list of all the lodges 
within the same grand communication, 
with the usual times and places of their 
meeting. 



Constitutions. 331 



SECTION IV. 



Of the Wardens of a Lodge. 

1 . None but master-masons can be wardens 
of a lodge. 

2. The senior warden succeeds to all the 
duties of the master, and fills the chair when 
he is absent. If the master goes abroad on 
business, resigns, or is deposed, the senior 
warden shall fill his place until the next stated 
time of election. And although it was for- 
merly held, that in such cases the master's 
authority ought to revert to the last past 
master who is present, yet it is now the set- 
tled rule, that the authority devolves upon 
the senior warden, and, in his absence upon 
the junior warden, even although a former 
master be present. But the wardens will 
generally honour a past master that may be 
present, and will call on him to take the chair, 
upon the presumption of his experience and 
skill in conducting the business of the 
lodge. Nevertheless, such past master 
still holds his authority under the senior 
warden, and cannot act until he congre- 
gates the lodge. If none of the officers be 
present, nor any former master to take the 
chair, the members according to seniority 



332 Constitutions. 

and merit, shall fill the places of the absent 
officers. 

The business of the wardens in the lodge 
is generally, to assist the master in con- 
ducting the business, and managing the 
craft, in due order and form, when 
the master is present. Particular lodges 
do likewise, by their by-laws, assign par- 
ticular duties to their- wardens for their 
own better government ; which such lodges 
have a right to do, provided they trans- 
gress not the old land marks, nor in any de- 
gree violate the true genius and spirit of ma- 
sonry, 

section v. 

Of the Secretary of a Lodge. 

The secretary shall keep a proper register 
or record of all transactions and proceedings 
of the lodge, that are to be committed to 
writing ; which shall be faithfully entered 
in the lodge books, from the minutes taken 
in open lodge, after being duly read ; amend- 
ed, if necessary ; and approved of before the 
close of every meeting; in order that the said 
transactions, or authentic copies, may be laid 
before the grand lodge, once in every quarter, 
if required. 



Constitutions. 333 

In particular, the secretary shall keep exact 
lists of all the members of the lodge, with the 
admission of new members ; and shall prepare, 
and send to the secretary of the grand lodge, 
the list of members, together with all expul- 
sions and rejections for the time being, to the 
intent that the grand secretary, and consequent- 
ly the members of the grand lodge, may be at 
all times enabled to know the names, and num- 
ber of members in each lodge under their 
jurisdiction, with the hand writing of the dif- 
ferent officers, and to pay all due respect to 
the brethren recommended by them. 

SECTION VI. 

Of the Treasurer of a Lodge. 

The treasurer is to receive and keep ex- 
act accounts of all monies raised, or paid ac- 
cording to rule, for the advancement of the 
lodge and benefit of the brethren, and to 
pay all orders duly drawn upon him by the 
authority of the lodge. He is to keep regu- 
lar entries, both of his receipts and expenses ; 
and to have his books and vouchers always 
ready for examination at such stated times as 
the by-laws require, or when specially called 
upon by order of the master and brethren. 

The treasurer is likewise to have the 
charge and custody of the chest, jewels and 



334 Constitutions. 

furniture of the lodge ; unless when the mas- 
ter and majority may judge it more conve- 
nient to appoint some other responsible bro- 
ther for that particular duty ; or when the 
officers of the lodge may take the charge 
immediately upon themselves. But the 
warrant or charter is in the custody of the 
master. 

SECTION VII. 

Of the Deacons of a Lodge. 

The deacons are to assist the master and 
wardens in the execution of their duty, to 
examine and welcome visiting brethren, to 
prepare candidates, and to perform such other 
services as are assigned them. 

SECTION VIII. 

Stewards. 

The stewards are to provide refreshment, 
and make a regular report of the expense to 
the treasurer ; and to see that the regalia of 
the lodge are in good order, and always rea- 
dy for use.* 

* In many lodges, particularly in those where refresh- 
ments are rarely or never used, the office of steward is not 
recognized. 



Constitutions. 335 



SECTION IX. 

Of the Tyler of a Lodge. 

In order that due decorum be observed, 
while the lodge is engaged in what is serious 
and solemn, and for the preservation of se- 
crecy and good harmony, a brother well skil- 
led in the master's part, shall be appointed 
and paid for tyling the lodge door, during the 
time of communication. Generally a bro- 
ther is to be preferred, to whom the fees of 
the office may be necessary and serviceable, 
on account of his particular circumstances. 

His duty is fixed by custom, and known to 
every brother. He is to be true and trusty, 
and to obey the special directions of the lodge 

section x. 

Of the number to be Initiated, 

No lodge shall make more than Jive new 
brethren at one time ; nor shall any person 
be made, or admitted a member of a lodge, 
without being proposed at least one lodge 
night before, unless in cases of emergency, or 
by dispensation from the grand-master, or 
his deputy in his absence, that due notice 



336 Constitutions* 

may be given to all the members for the ne- 
cessary inquiries into the candidate's charac- 
ter; and that there may be unanimity in the 
election and admission of members. 

SECTION XI. 

Of Privileges in Lodges. 

The majority of every particular lodge, 
when duly congregated, have the privilege 
of instructing their master and wardens for 
their conduct in the grand lodge and quar- 
terly communications, and all particular 
lodges, in the same general communication, 
shall, as much as possible, observe the same 
rules and usages, and appoint some of their 
members to visit each other in the different 
lodges, as often as it may be convenient. 

When it so happens that a lodge cannot 
attend the communications of the grand 
lodge, they may appoint a brother, who is a 
master mason, and of real merit, and give 
him instructions to represent them, and vote 
in their behalf. He bearing their certificate 
under the seal of the lodge, and signed by 
the master and wardens, may, if approved 
by the officers of the grand lodge, take his 
seat among them, and vote and act in the 
name of the lodge he represents. But no 



Constitutions, 337 

individual can appear for more than one 
lodge at the same time. 

Lodges shall have place according to the 
date of their constitution. 

If any lodge shall cease to meet regularly 
for twelve months successively, its charter 
shall be void. 



CHAPTER III. 

OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE MASONS, AS MEMBER^ 
OF A LODGE. 

1. Of Attendance. 

Every brother ought to belong to some 
regular lodge, and should always appear 
therein properly clothed ; truly subjecting 
himself to all its by-laws and the general re- 
gulations. He must attend all meetings, 
when duly summoned, unless he can offer to 
the master and wardens such plea of neces- 
sity for his absence as the said laws and regu- 
lations may admit. 

By the ancient rules and usages of mason- 
ry, which are generally adopted among the 
by-laws of every lodge, no plea was judged 
sufficient to excuse any absentee, unless he 
.2U 



338 Constitutions. 

could satisfy the lodge, that he was detained 
by some extraordinary and unforeseen ne- 
cessity. 

None have a right to vote in the lodge, 
but such as are members. 

No brother- shall be a member of more than 
one lodge at the same time. 

2. Of Working. 

All masons should work faithfully and 
honestly. All the working hours appointed 
by law, or confirmed by custom, are to be 
strictly observed. 

The usual hours of working are, v " from 
seven o'clock in the evening until ten, be- 
tween the 25th of March and the 25th of 
September ; and from six until nine, between 
the 25th of September and the 25th of 
March." 

The master and masons shall faithfully 
finish their work. 

None shall envy a brother's prosperity, or 
put him out of his work, if capable of finish- 
ing it. 

All masons shall receive their wages with- 
out murmuring. They must avoid all unbe- 
coming modes of expression ; and shall call 
each other brother, in the lodge. 



Constitutions. 339 



3. Of Behaviour in the Lodge, 

While the lodge is open for work, ma- 
sons must hold no private conversation or com- 
mittees, without leave from the master ; nor 
talk of any thing foreign or impertinent, nor 
interrupt the master or wardens, or any bro- 
ther, addressing himself to the chair; nor 
behave inattentively, while the lodge is en- 
gaged in what is serious and solemn ; but 
every brother shall pay due reverence to the 
master, the wardens, and all his fellows. 

Every brother guilty of a fault shall sub- 
mit to the lodge, unless he appeal to the 
grand lodge. 

No private offences, or disputes about nations, 
families , religions, or politics, must be brought 
within the doors of the lodge. 

4. Of Behaviour after the Lodge is closed. 

When the lodge is closed, and the labour 
finished, the brethren, before they depart 
home to their rest, may enjoy themselves 
with innocent mirth, enlivened and exalted 
with their own peculiar songs and sublime 
pieces of music; but avoiding all excess, 
considering each other, in the hours both of 
labour and festivity, as always free. And 



340 Constitutions. 

therefore no brother is to be hindered from 
going home when he pleases ; for although, 
after lodge hours, masons are as other men, 
yet if they should fall into excess, the blame, 
though unjustly, may be cast upon the fra- 
ternity, by the ignorant or the envious. 



CHAPTER IV. 

OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF VSASONS, IN THEIR PRIVATE 
CHARACTER. 

1. When a number of brethren happen to meet, 
without any Stranger among them, and not 
in a Lodge. 

In such case you are to salute each other 
in a courteous manner, as you are or may be 
instructed in the lodge, and freely communi- 
cating hints of knowledge, but without dis- 
closing secrets, unless to those who have 
given long proof of their taciturnity and ho- 
nour. Masonry divests no man of the ho- 
nours due to him before, or that may become 
due after he was made a mason. On the con- 
trary, it increases respect, teaching us to add 
to all his other honours, those which as ma- 
sons we cheerfully pay to an eminent bro- 



Constitutions. 341 

ther, distinguishing him above all of his 
rank and station, and serving him readily ac- 
cording to our ability. 

2. When in the presence of Stranger s> who 

are not Masons. 

Before those who are not masons, you must 
be cautious in your words and carriage ; so 
that the most penetrating stranger shall not be 
able to discover what is not proper to be in- 
timated. The impertinent and ensnaring 
questions, or ignorant and idle discourse of 
those who seek to pry into the secrets and 
mysteries of the craft, must be prudently an- 
swered and managed, or the discourse wisely 
diverted to another subject, as your discretion 
and duty shall direct. 

3. When at home, and in your neighbourhood. 

Masons ought to be moral men. Conse- 
quently they should be good husbands, good 
parents, good sons, and good neighbours ; 
avoiding all excess injurious to themselves 
or families, and wise as to all affairs, both of 
their own household and of the lodge, for 
certain reasons known to themselves. 



342 Constitutions. 

4. Of behaviour towards a foreign brother, or 

stranger. 

You are cautiously to examine a stranger, 
or foreign brother, as prudence and the rules 
of the craft direct chat you may not be im- 
posed upon by a pretender ; and if you dis- 
cover any one to be such, you are to reject 
him, but with proper caution. But such as 
are found to be true and faithful, you are to 
respect as brothers, relieving them, if in 
want, to your utmost power, or directing 
them how to find relief; and employing them, 
if you can, or else recommending them to 
employment. 

5 . Of behaviour towards a brother, whether 

present or absent. 

Free and accepted masons, haye ever been 
charged to avoid all slander of true and faith- 
ful brethren, with all malice and unjust re- 
sentment, or talking disrespectfully of a bro- 
ther's person or performance. Nor must 
they suffer any to spread unjust reproaches 
or calumnies against a brother, behind his 
back, nor to injure him in his fortune, occu- 
pation or character ; but they shall defend 
such a brother, and give him notice of any 



Constitutions* 343 

danger or injury wherewith he may be 
threatened, to enable him to escape the 
same, as far as is consistent with honour, 
prudence, and the safety of religion, mo- 
rality, and the state, but no farther. 

6. Concerning differences and law suits, if any 
such should unhappily arise among brethren. 

If a brother do you injury, or if you have 
any difference with him about any worldly 
or temporal business, or interest, apply first 
to your own or his lodge, to have the matter 
in dispute adjusted by the brethren. And if 
either party be not satisfied with the deter- 
mination of the lodge, an appeal may be 
made to the grand lodge ; and you are never 
to enter into a law suit, until the matter can- 
not be decided as above. And if it be a mat- 
ter that wholly concerns masonry, law suits 
are to be entirely avoided, and the good ad- 
vice of prudent brethren is to be followed, 
as they are the best referees of such differ- 
ences. 

But where references are either impracti- 
cable or unsuccessful, and courts of law or 
equity must at last decide, you must still fol- 
low the general rules of masonry, avoiding 
all wrath, malice, rancour, and personal HI 
will, in carrying on the suit with a brother ; 



344 Constitutions. 

neither saying or doing any thing to prevent 
the continuance or renewal of that brotherly 
love and friendship, which are the glory and 
cement of this ancient fraternity. 

Thus shall we shew to all the world, the 
benign influences of masonry, as wise, true, 
and faithful brethren have done from the be- 
ginning of time ; and as all who shall follow 
us, and would be thought worthy of that 
name, will continue to do. 

%?* These charges, and such others as 
shall be given to you, in a way that cannot be 
written, you are strictly and conscientiously 
to observe ; and, that they may be the better 
observed, they should be read, or made 
known to new brethren at their making ; and 
at other times, as the master shall direct. — 
Amen! 



CHARGE, 

At the opening of a Lodge. 

From the Masonic Library, as altered from Preston. 

THE ways of science are beautiful. Know- 
ledge is attained by degrees. Wisdom 
dwells with contemplation. There are we to 
seek her. Though the passage be difficult, the 
farther we proceed the easier it will become. 

If we are united, our society must flou- 
rish. Let all things give place to peace and 
good fellowship. Uniting in the grand de- 
sign, let us be happy in ourselves, and en- 
deavour to contribute to the happiness of 
others. Let us promote the useful arts ; and 
by them mark our superiority and distinction. 
Let us cultivate the moral virtues ; and im- 
prove in all that is good and amiable. Let 
the genius of masonry preside over our con- 
duct ; and under its sovereign sway let us act 
with becoming dignity. Let our recreations 
be innocent, and pursued with moderation. 
Never let us expose or character to derision. 
Thus shall we act in conformity to our pre- 
' 2X 



346 A Charge. 

cepts, and support the name we have always 
borne, of being a respectable, a regular, and 
an uniform society. 

Or this. 



" Behold ! how good and how pleasant it 
is for brethren to dwell together in unity ! 

" It is like the precious ointment upon the 
head, that ran down upon the beard, even 
Aaron's beard, that went down to the skirts 
of his garment ; 

" As the dew of Hermon, that descend- 
ed upon the mountains of Zion ; for there 
the Lord commanded a blessing, even life 
for evermore. " 



CHARGE, 

Proper to be delivered by the Junior Warden, 
at Meridian, 

Brethren — The lodge being about to sus- 
pend its labours for a short time, you may 
amuse yourselves with rational gaiety, but 
you must be peculiarly watchful not to run 
to excess. Masonry commands us to force 
no brother to do any thing contrary to his 
inclination, to offend him neither by actions 
or by words ; you will, therefore, permit him 
to act as is agreeable to himself, and make 
him as happy as you can. Indecent or im- 
moral discourse is unbecoming a mason, and 
you must always avoid it. 

At home and abroad shew that you have 
improved by the lessons you have here been 
taught ; shew yourselves fonder lovers of wis- 
dom, and more strict observers of morality. 
It is needless to warn you to be so cautious in 
your words and actions as not to give the 
most acute and prying stranger the least op- 
portunity of discovering what is not proper 



348 Charge at Meridian. 

to be intimated ; or, against disclosing the 
private transactions of our different assem- 
blies ; you are all masons, and honour, and 
the reputation of the society at large, will 
guide your actions. 

Irregularity and intemperance must be 
forever avoided ; they will disgrace the 
society, destroy the peace of your fami- 
lies, impair your constitutions, and make you 
incapable of pursuing your necessary busi- 
ness. 

Constantly observe, and enforce these rules, 
and always practice those duties, which, in 
the lodge, have been so forcibly and pleasing- 
ly recommended to you. Industriously cul- 
tivate brotherly love, the foundation and cap- 
stone, the glory, and firm cement of our fra- 
ternity. Avoid disputes and quarrels ; speak 
as well of a brother in his absence as in his 
presence, and let slander be unknown to 
you. Suffer no one unreproved to calum- 
niate your honest brethren, but zealously 
defend their characters, and do them every 
friendly office. Hence, the beneficial in- 
fluence of your order will be diffused far 
around, and the admiring world will be wit- 
nesses of the happy effects it produces. 



AN 



ADDRESS 

TO FREE MASONS IN GENERAL. 

STRETCH forth your hands to assist a 
brother, whenever it is in your power ; to be 
always ready to go any where to serve him ; 
to offer your warmest petitions for his wel- 
fare ; to open your breasts and hearts to him ; 
to assist him with your best counsel and ad- 
vice ; to sooth the anguish of his soul, and 
betray no confidence he reposes in you ; to 
support him with your authority ; to use your 
utmost endeavours to prevent him from fall- 
ing ; to relieve his wants, as far as you are 
able, without injuring yourselves or your fa- 
milies. In short, mutually to support and as- 
sist each other, and earnestly to promote one 
another's interests, are duties which (well you 
know) are incumbent upon you. But do 
these duties always influence you ? Are they 
not too often forgotten ? Your worthy bro- 
ther too frequently neglected, and the stran- 



350 An Address, &c. 

ger preferred to those of your own house- 
hold? Ye are connected by solemn pro- 
mises ; let those always be so remembered as 
to direct your actions : for then, and then 
only, will you preserve your consciences 
void of offence, and prepare that firm ce- 
ment of utility and affection, which time will 
have no power to destroy. » 



PRAYERS. 

The Ancient Prayer, at making or Opening. 

MOST holy and gLorious Lord God, the 
great Architect of the Universe ; the giver of 
all good gifts and graces : Thou hast promi- 
sed, that where two or three are gathered to- 
gether in thy name, thou wilt be in the midst 
of them. In thy name we assemble, most 
humbly beseeching thee to bless us in all our 
undertakings, that we may know and serve 
thee aright, and that all our actions may tend 
to thy glory, and to our advancement in 
knowledge and virtue. 

*And we beseech thee, O Lord God, to bless 
this our present assembling ; and grant that 
this our new Brother may prove true and faith- 
ful. Endue him with a competency of thy divine 
wisdom, that he may, with the secrets of free 
masonry, be able to unfold the mysteries of 
godliness. And may he and we walk in 
the light of thy countenance ; and when 
the trials of our probationary state are over, 

* This paragraph is to be omitted, except when a can- 
didate is about to be initiated. 



352 Prayers. 

be admitted into the Temple not made with 
hands, eternal in the heavens ! — Amen. 

Another. — From the Emblems of a Garden. 

O thou who art every where present, but 
art known only to those who love thee ! to 
whom nation or kindred are not the first ties ; 
for he that loveth dwelleth in God, and God 
in him. Mankind have felt after thee, every 
where ! They who love thee, have found 
thee ! To establish our highest virtue, we 
enter here. May living streams give us fer- 
tility, that our green leaves may smile and be 
flourishing. In this garden may we sit under 
the shadow of our beloved, and find his fruit 
sweet to our taste. May they who are set for 
strength and beauty, be upright, and flourish 
as the palm, while they who minister are an 
hedge about us on every side. May our store 
be plentiful, that every brother may come and 
partake of its refreshment. May our fruit be 
chosen, that wise men may search it out. 
In ample growth, may we spread with come- 
liness. In blessed order, well arranged, may 
we be as the trees of God, full of fruit. May 
we continue fair and flourishing. Under 
our branches may every virtue find protec- 
tion, and may the passenger taste the fruit, 
and find it pleasant. May a goodly spring 



Prayers. 353 

bring a summer of delight, and a full autumn 
render our stores abundant. May health 
make us cheerful, and friendship be immor- 
tal. May our virtues unite us, and may we 
love the name of brethren, because itblesses 
us. 

A prayer used at opening a Lodge. 

May the favour of Heaven be upon this 
meeting ; and as it is happily begun, may 
it be conducted with order, and closed with 
harmony \—~Amen. 

A General Prayer, in a Lodge. 

Great Architect! in whose work all life 
is employed. The whole is harmony in thee ; 
each part has its place, and all is perfect. 

Behold us, who form this apartment in thy 
works, small indeed in itself, but vast enough 
for our full employment. From hence we 
behold thy magnificent displays of power and 
wisdom, and here we enjoy thy goodness. — 
Regard our work, begun in thy presence, and 
by thy laws. On the equal basis of truth 
let our building stand ! May its entrance be 
illuminated with hope, and may great and 
good actions give it glory ! With our master 
' 2Y 



354 Prayers. 

may our labour be sweet, and our reward 
sure. May the skilful inspire a laudable am- 
bition, and each soul be filled with light. 

When we extend our hands to a friend, 
and introduce him to our joys, let truth guide 
our lips, and love dwell in our hearts. May 
we add merit to our friendship, and a sincere 
heart to our pleasures. May the entrance be 
a sweet recollection to him. May each visit 
improve his hopes, and enlarge his virtues. 
May our virtues shine together with brighter 
light, and the everlasting glory of God be 
upon us. — Amen. 

Occasional Prayer — By the Rev, Brother 
W. Bentley. 

Great light of life ! whom all beings love, 
because they enjoy thee ! we live in the light 
of thy countenance. We exist by thy 
strength, and are harmony in thee. Bless us, 
even us, O our father ! give us one soul ; in- 
fluence us by the same zeal ; purify us by the 
same light of truth. In the joy of this day 
we praise thee ; joy makes our praise sub- 
lime. Bless the brethren, one in name and 
heart ; bless the elect, who stand near the.e 
to represent thy power; may they proclaim 
also thy wisdom and love. May the master 
be glorious and firm, like the arch of He a 



Prayers. 355 

ven, in which all the revolutions of nature are 
performed. May the wardens be sure as 
the poles of our globe. ' May the deacons be 
constant as the hours. May the treasurer 
keep what time cannot corrupt ; and the se- 
cretary receive what eternal truth shall ap- 
prove. May the stewards be faithful, as the 
earth in its rich increase ; and the tyler be like 
the eye of a kind providence, which watches 
unseen. All in thee, and each in all. To the 
great light of life be glory. — Amen. 

A Prayer used at closing the Lodge. 

May the blessing of Heaven rest upon us, 
and all regular masons ! may brotherly love 
prevail, and every moral and social virtue 
cement us ! — Amen. 

A Prayer , said at the opening of a Lodge, or 
making a new brother^ £sfc. used by Jewish 
Free Masons. 

O Lord, excellent art thou in thy truth, 
there is nothing great in comparison to thee ; 
for thine is the praise, from all the works of 
thy hands, for evermore. 

Enlighten us, we beseech thee, in the true 
knowledge of Masonry : by the sorrows of 
Adam, thy first made man; by the blood 



356 Prayers* 

of Abel, thy holy one ; by the righteousness 
of Seth, in whom thou art well pleased ; and 
by thy covenant with Noah, in whose archi- 
tecture thou wast pleased to save the seed of 
thy beloved ; number us not among those 
that know not thy statutes, nor the divine 
mysteries of the secret Cabbala. 

But grant, we beseech thee, that the ruler 
of this Lodge may be endued with know- 
ledge and wisdom, to instruct us, and ex- 
plain his secret mysteries, as our holy brother 
Moses did (in his Lodge) to Aaron, Eleazar 
and Ithamar (the sons of Aaron) and the se- 
venty elders of Israel. 

And grant that we may understand, learn, 
and keep all the statutes and commandments 
of the Lord, and this holy mystery, pure and 
undented unto our lives end. Amen, Lord. 

A Prayer ', used amongst the primitive Chris- 
tian Masons. 

The' might of the Father of heaven, and 
the wisdom of his glorious Son, through the 
grace and goodness of the Holy Ghost, be- 
ing three persons in one Godhead, be with 
us at our beginning, and give us grace so ta 
govern us here in our living, that we may 
come to his bliss that never shall have end. 
Amen. 



Prayers. 357 

At the Initiation of a Candidate. 

Glorious Architect of Heaven and Earth, 
we beseech thee look down from thy high 
and lofty throne, and bless our present Con- 
vention, grant that this our friend may be- 
come a faithful brother, grant that he, and all 
of us, may live as men, and as true masons, 
duly considering the important ends for 
which thy goodness has created us, give us, 
O God, wisdom to continue in all our doings, 
— strength to support us under all difficulties, 
the beauty of holiness to grant those heav- 
enly mansions where thy honour dwelleth, 
and grant that we may be firmly united by 
brotherly love, and in all our dealings with 
the world, practice justice towards all men, 
love mercy, and walk in the paths of hu- 
mility, before thee our God, and that at last 
an entrance may be administered unto us, into 
the celestial Lodge of perfect happiness, O 
great Jehovah. Amen. 



LIST OF LODGES 

Held under the jurisdiction of the R. W. Grand 
Lodge of Pennsylvania. 



No. 2, held at Philadelphia, meets 2d Monday. N 
3, ditto, ' 3d Tuesday. 

9, ditto, 1st Friday. 

19, ditto, 1st Thursday. 

* 21, Perseverance Lodge, Held at Harrisburg, 2d Wed- 
nesday. 
22, held at Sunbury, full moon. 

25, Bristol, Monday preceding f. m. 

43, Lancaster, 2d Wednesday. 

45, Pittsburg, Last Wednesday. 

46, Ephrata, Lancaster county. 

50, West-Chester, 2d Saturday, except in June 
and July, when no meetings are held. 

51, Philadelphia, 4th Thursday. 

52, Harmony Lodge, ditto. 1st Wednesday. 

59, Washington Lodge, ditto, 2d Tuesday. 

60, Lodge of Hope and Good Intention, held at Browns- 
- ville, Fayette county, 1st Monday. 

61, held at Wilkesbarre, 1st Monday. 

62, Reading, 1st Wednesday. 
64, Greensburg, 2d Monday. 



360 List of Lodges, £sfc. 

No. 66, Carnarvon township, Berks county, meets 

Saturday previous to full moon. 
67, Concordia Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 2d 
Friday, 

69, held in the borough of Chester, Saturday preceding 
full moon. 

70, held at Tioga Point, Luzerne county. 

71, Orange Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 4th 
Wednesday. 

72, Philadelphia Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 2d 
Saturday. 

73, Lodge L'Ame'nite (French), held at Philadelphia, 
meets 1st and 3d Thursdays. 

75, Phoenix Lodge, held in Charles township, Chester, 
county, meets on Saturday preceding full moon, un- 
less moon fulls on Saturday, then on that day. 

77, Les Freres Unis, held at Port D'Espagne, in the 
island of Trinidad. 

81, Hiram Lodge, held at Germantown, meets 1st Sa- 
turday before full moon, but if full moon falls on Sa- 
turday, then on that day. 

82, held at Milford, Pike county, meets Tuesday before 
full moon. 

83, St. Tammany's Lodge, held at Damascus, Wayne 
county, meets on the evening of every full moon, ex- 
cept it should be on Saturday or Sunday, then on the 
Monday following. 

84, held at Somerset, meets 1st Monday. 

91, Columbia Lodge held at Philadelphia, meets 4th 
Monday. 

92, Union Lodge, held at Union town, Fayette county, 
meets 1st Wednesday. 

94, Orange Lodge, held at New Hope, Coryell's ferry, 
Bucks county, meets Monday before full moon, but 
if the moon is full on Monday, then on that day. 



List of Lodges, fcfc. 361 

No. 100, Rising Sun Lodge, held at Cattawissa, Columbia 
county, meets 1st Monday after full moon. 

102, Jerusalem Lodge, held at Frankford. 

103, Le Temple des Vertus Theologales, held at Ha- 
vanna, island of Cuba. 

104, Philanthropic Lodge, held in Leacock township, 
Lancaster county, meets 1st evening before full 
moon, but if the moon be full on Monday, then on 
that evening. 

106, held at Williamsport, Lycoming county, meets on 
the evening of every full moon, unless it should fall 
on Sunday, then on the Monday following. 

107, Western Star Lodge, held at Kaskaskia, Illinois ter- 
ritory, meets 1st Saturday. 

108, Union Lodge, held at Wysox and Orwell Luzerne 
county. N 

109, Lousiana Lodge, held at St. Genevieve, Louisiana* 
meets 2d Monday. 

110, Youghiogania Lodge, held at Connelsville, Fayette 
county. 

111, St. Louis Lodge, held in the town of St. Louis, Lou- 
isiana. 

113, Ohio Lodge, held at Pittsburg. 

114, Solomon's Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 3d 
Friday. 

1 15, St. John's Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 1st 
Tuesday. 

116, Amicitia Lodge held at Marietta, Lancaster county, 
meets 1st Saturday. 

119, North Star Lodge, held in the town of Clifford, Lu- 
zerne county. 

120, Liberty Lodge, held at Tioga, Tioga county. 

121, Union Lodge, held at Philadelphia, 3d Thursday. 

122, Harmony Lodge, New Orleans, 

2Z 



362 List of Lodges, &c. 

No. 123, St. John's Lodge, held in the borough of York, York 
county, meets 2d Tuesday. 

124, held in the borough of Erie. 

125, Herman's Lodge, (German) held at Philadelphia, 
meets 4th Friday. 

126, Rising Star Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 4th 
Tuesday. 

127, Philanthropy Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 2d 
Wednesday. 

128, Temple Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 29th day 
of the month, but when that falls on Saturday or 
Sunday, on the next vacant day. 

130, Phoenix Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets;3d Wed- 
nesday. 

131, Industry Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 2d 
Thursday. 

132, Brandywine Lodge, held at Brandywine township, 
Chester county, meets third evening previous to full 
moon, except it should fall on Saturday or Sunday, 
then on the Monday following. 

133, St. James' Lodge, held at Beaver, Beaver county, 
meets Wednesday preceding full moon- 

134, Franklin Lodge, held at Philadelphia, 3d Saturday. 

135, Roxborough Lodge, held in Roxborough township, 
Philadelphia county, meets Saturday after full moon. 

136, Friendship Lodge, held in Abington township Mont- 
gomery county, meets Wednesday preceding full 
moon. 

137, Bedford Bath Lodge, held at Bedford. 

138, Schuylkill Lodge, held at Orwigsburgh, Schuylkill 
county. 

1.39, Rising Sun Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 4th 
Saturday. 



List of Lodges, fcfc. 363 

No. 141, Hiram Tyrian Lodge, held at Halifax, Dauphin 
county, meets on the evening of every full moon, ex- 
cept it should be on Saturday or Sunday, then on the 
Monday f@llowing. 

142, Village Lodge, held in the village of Sadsbury, Ches- 
ter county. 

143, George Washington Lodge, held at Chambersburg, 
Franklin county 

144, Charity Lodge, held in the town of Milton, Nor- 
thumberland county, meets on the evening previous 
to full moon, but if the moon fulls on Sunday, then 
the evening following. 

145, Church Hall Lodge, held in the town of Wilkins- 
burgh, Alleghany county, first Monday before every 
full moon. 

146, Western Star Lodge, held at Meadville, Crawford 
county. 

147, Freedom Lodge, held at Bethany, Wayne county, 
meets the first Tuesday after full moon, unless the 
moon should full on Tuesday, then on that night. 

148, Perseverance Lodge, held in the town of Northum- 
berland, Northumberland county, 1st Tuesday after 
full moon. 

149, The Rising Sun Lodge, held in the village of Mon- 
trose, Susquehanna county, Monday preceding full 
moon. 

150, Mount Moriah Lodge, held in the town of Troy, in 
the county of Bradford. 

151, Jordan Lodge, held in Allentown, Lehigh county, 
Tuesday preceding full moon, if the moon fulls on 
Tesday, then on that day. 

152, Easton Lodge, held in the borough of Easton, North- 
ampton county, first Thursday after full moon, 



364 List of Lodges, &fc. 

No. 153, Waynesburg Lodge, held in the town of Waynes- 
burg, Greene county. 

154, Lodge West of Schuylkill, held at the house of bro- 
ther Stewart, one and three quarter miles west of 
Schuylkill, on the Lancaster turnpike road, in the 
county of Philadelphia, meets Thursday previous to 
full moon. 

155, Mount Moriah Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 
on the 4th Tuesday. 

158, Washington Lodge, held at Cheshut level, Lancaster 
> county, (not yet constituted.) 

157, Las delicias de la Havanna, held at Havanna, in the 
island of Cuba, (not yet constituted.) 

158, Meridian Sun Lodge, held at Philadelphia, meets 
1st Saturday. 

159, Columbia Lodge, held at Danville, Columbia county, 
(not yet constituted.) 

160, Lodge La Reconnaisance, held at Philadelphia, 4th 
Monday. 



SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 



Richard Tyebout, R. W> P. G. M. 
Bayse Newcomb, R. W. G. M. 
Thomas Elliott, R. W. S. G. W. 
Josiah Randall, R. W. J. G. W. 
George A. Baker, R. W- G. Sect'ry. 
Joseph S. Lewis, R.-W. G. Treasurer. 

Joseph Bloomfield, R. W. P. G. M. 
Wm. M'Corkle, M. E. P. H. P. 
Josiah S. Kay, $L E. P. H. P. 
Lambert Keating, M. E. P. H. P. - 

John Livensetter, Thomas W. Duffield, 

Wm. M'Collin, , Lewis Bache, 

S. P. Barbier, Matthew M'Henry, 

Joseph Caskey, Joseph Dilks, 

J. Maxwell, Oliver Hatfield, 

R. Mansfield, Daniel Say, 

Henry Horn, Thomas T. Launds, 

Benjn. R, Van Kook, M. D. Cornelius Ely, 

John Somers, M. D. John H. Starr, 
William E. Ashton, V. D. M. William Milnor, jr. 

Andrew Hooton. William Delaney, 



366 



Subscribers^ Names. 



George C. Potts, 
Edward W. Carr, 
Joshua Kersey, M. D. 
James Delaney, 
Nathan R. Potts, 
Jesse Waterman, 
Mahlone Dungan, 
Joseph Wabraven, 
John S. Benezet, 
Peter Belderback, 
Richard G. Kendall, 
Joseph Dilks, 
Isaac Andrews, 
Llisha Lawrence Antrim, 
Joseph Brookfield, M. D, 
John Macha, 
George Helmbold, 
John Darragh, 
John George, jr. 
George C. Lentner, esq. 
Isaiah Beck, 
Ellis Wright, 
John Baziere, 
William Jones, 
Isaac P. Cole, 
John Scottie, 
Andrew Wile, 
Frederick Helmbold, 
Jacob Eberle, 
Peter Segee, 
John Hutters, 
Isaac Kannum, 
Ulaire F. D'luy, 
Philip Winemore, 



R. P. M'Cullock, 
James M'Keage, 
Thomas Sargent, 
Wm. Lambert Thomson, 
Robert Royston, 
George Dobson, 
Benjamin Stancliffe, 
Andrew Allen, 
Edward Larkins, 
Richard T Cock, 
S. P. Roux, 
John Ritter, 
John Warner, 
Thomas Sten, 
Benjamin Harris, 
D. W. Hudson, 
John Curry, 
George Curry. 
William Dunlap, 
Andrew Haffel, 
John Pedolin, 
George Milburn, 
James Allen, 
Benjamin S. Ashburn, 
Thomas Nesbit, 
Thomas Theodore Wilson, 
William Steward, 
Joseph Ailes, 
Samuel Webb, C. 
Samuel Truton, 
Jeremiah Wiley, 
Samuel Paxson, 
Jacob Alter, 
Samuel Gordon, 



Subscribers* Names. 



367 



Tyby Lippincott, 
Samuel Harvey, 
Martin Eckendorff, 
Charles A. Droz, 
Francis Savoy, 
Edward Lafferty, 
Daniel Weyman, 
Jacob Beidleman, 
William Farrer, 
Benjamin Holbroke, 
Thomas Kerns, 
Abraham Hunter, 
John Whiteman, 
William Darley, 
Frederick Alter, 
Joseph Williams, 
William Farrier, 
Martin Opendorf, 
Abraham Deniers, 
Thomas Gilbert, 
John H. Worrell, 
G. Gloninger, jr. 
John A Paxton, 
Robert Berresford, 
William B. Lapeyre, 
Joseph Strieby, 
William Mayweg, 
Jonathan D. Ayres, 
William Wills, 
M. T. Wickham, 
W '. Weaver, 
Henry Voight, 
Samuel Webb, 
Lieut, J. P. Bunting, 



Jacob Culph & Co. 

Samuel Gilbert, 

John Brook, 

John Meers, 

John Snyder, • 

G. B. W T ilstack, 

C. Perpegnan, 

William Smith, 

Daniel Brooks, 

S. Sixte, 

James L. Saunders, 

W. D. Kennedy, 

Joseph S. Kennedy, 

Bowman Kendry, 

John Baxter, 

Josiah F. Clement, 

J. J. Foster, 

William Meyers, 

John W. Hanes, 

Jacob Meyers, 

John Philips, M. D. 

John Gosline, 

Isaac Pilchin, 

Henry Dilborough, M. D. 

Charles Reiley, 

Robert Johnson, 

William Stackhouse, 

John White, 

Charles Ellis, 

Montgomery Polhomus, 

Thomas Smith, 

George Haywood, 

Mahlone Budd, 

John Fort, 



368 



Subscribers' Names. 



Jacob Egbert, 
Thomas R. Lacey, 
John Newbold Offley, 
Lucien Horatio Storbton, 
Daniel M'CulIy, 
John S. Earle, 
William Galdy, 
Benjamin Heavlind, 
Robert Rogers, 
Charles F. Lott, 
Cyrus Stone, 
Peter Cushman, 
Otis Harris, 
Samuel Evans, 
Isaac Hillian, 
John C. Warner, 
Samuel Hullings, 
Joseph Rowand, 
George M'Donald, 
Thomas Gordon, 
Charles Davenport, 
Richard L. Beatty, 
David P. Shrope, 
Joseph P. Chamberlin, 
William Geary, 
David Care, 
John Maxwell, 
William Maxwell, 
Andrew Varderslice, 
S. W. Smith, 
John Culin, 
George Willig,jr. 
Mr. Primrose, 
Delucena L. Bingham, 



James B. Caldwell, 
Benjamin Darlington, 
John Zane, 
John Shivers, 
Joseph P. Hilman, 
Joseph Turner, 
Thomas Wilkins, 
Joseph H- Irwine, 
William Nelson, 
Henry Miller, 
Samuel Humphrey, 
Thomas Hammitt, 
Anderson Seagroes, 
Josiah Shull, esq. 
Samuel Somers, 
Samuel C. Pierce, 
Samuel Forman, 
Joel Taylor, 
Isaac Durall, 
Enoch M. Forman, 
James Yerrick, 
David Billey, 
Jacob Aleut, 
William Greary, 
Merinas Chance, 
William Dilworth, 
Thomas Gormain, 
John Haviland, 
Charles Sontag, 
Hugh Bridport, 
William Imlay, 
Kearney Nerrill, 
Robert De Borr, 
William J. Vandorn, 



Subscribers* Names. 



369 



Samuel Disbrow, jr. 
Charles Carson, 
Peter Wilmunt, jr. 
Horatio Salisbury, 
Joseph Edwards, 
Thomas L. M'Dowell, 
Abraham Lutberg, 
Solomon M. Crane, 
Alfred Stone, 
Charles L. Williamson, 
Thomas P. Walworth, 
William H. Hichman, 
D. Burrows, 
W. H. Earle, 
Samuel M. Chesny, jr. 
Ellis Noe, 
Isaac A. Conlay, 
Stephen Roff, 
John Dougherty, 
William D re man, 
Thomas T. Lounds, 
Richard Brown, 
Elias Runyan, 
Henry Gatzmer, 
John H. Kline, 
Cornelius Mutker, 
Benjamin D. Carn, 
John Lambert, jr. 
L. Deffebache, 
James Giles, 
Jar vis Brewster, 
Smith Bower, 
Lewis J. Cox, 
Josiah Parvin, 



Alexander M'Kenzie, 
A. V. Fricht, 
Bedford Jobs, 
John L. Anderson, 
Nathan H. Olden, 
Adam Waldie, 
Mr. Strick, 
Conrad Seyfert, 
Theodore Dekline, 
William C. Parker, 
Alexander Caldwell, 
John Brown, 
Samuel S. Cornming, 
G. F. Rhinehart, 
Absalom H. Giger, 
George P. Bormise, 
Joshua Bower, 
James M'Cormick, 
George Muskert, 
George Lake, 
William Graves, 
William Best, 
William Heaton, 
William Ray, 
Isaac Young, 
Joseph Furrer, 
Philemore Ross, 
John Starbrice, jr. 
Moses Thomas, 
Dan. Dimmick, 
John K. Woodward, 
Sheldon Norton, 
Thomas Walker, 
Daniel Small, 

3A 



370 



Subscribers' Names, 



Abraham Hopkins, 
Thomas Plater, jr. 
David J. Secor, 
William Fox, 
Owen Murphy, 
John Morgan, 
William Oram, 
E. S. Talmage, 
David Elwell, 
Darius Ayres, 



Samuel Dickinson, 
Otis B. Merrill, 
Isaac A. Hurley, 
William Scott, 
Thomas Courtney, 
Joseph E. Bovven, 
Thomas Smith, 
Chester Chattin, 
G. L. Mitchell 



FREEDOM LODGE, No. 147, {Bethany, Wayne county .) 

Benjamin Raymond, W. M. 

George Spangenberg, S. W. 

Jacob S. Dairs, Sect'ry. 

Robert Beardslee, Treasurer, 2 copies. 

Thomas Spangenberg, Abisha Woodward, 

Eliphalet Kellogg, Charles Stanton, 

Matthias Keen, Benjamin King, 

William R. Walker, Jeremiah Bennett, 



RISING SUN LODGE, No. 149, (Bridgwater, Montrose, 
Susquehanna county.') 

Perez Perkins, W. M. 
Rising Sun Lodge, Charles Otis, 



John Pasmore, 
Jonah Brewster, 
James W. Hill, 
Lumen Tussy, 
William Turrell, 
Mason Denison. 



Martin B , [not legible.] 

James Stevens, 
Samuel Kelburn, 
Philo Bostwick, 

Davjd Post, 
Isaac Post, 



Subscribers'* Names. 371 

LODGE No. 100, (Catawissa, Columbia county.) 
Philip Moyer, W. M. 

Christian Brobst, John Ellis, 

Charles Ent, Henry Fisher, 

William M^Kelvy, Story Margerum. 
John Hause, 



PERSEVERANCE LODGE, No. 21, (Harrisburg,) 
Meets on the second Wednesday of every month. 
Perseverance Mark Lodge, on the third Thursday. 
Perseverance Chapter, on the first Saturday. 

George R. Horter, W. M. 

Wanum Holbrooke, James Roberts, 

Isaac M'Cid, John De Peri, 

John Fisher, Joseph C. Laveille, 

H. S. Wunder, John A. Stehley, 

James Alexander, John Zeaning, 

Andrew Krause, W. N. Irvine, 

Robert M'Elwee, Perseverance Lodge, 

John Buffington, N. B. Wood. 
Francis R. Shunk, 



LODGE No. 152, (Easton.) 
Christian J. Hutter, 6 copies. 

James M. Porter, John Erl, 

George Barnet, John Branham, 

James Herring, John Barnet, jr. 



372 Subscribers' Names, 



LODGE No. 116, {Marietta, Lancaster county, Pa.) 

George Wolfley, P. M; 
George Sheets, W. M. 
Elijah Russell, S. W. 

Jacob Schwar, William W. Hite, 

Benjamin Lefever, John H. Krotte, 

Thomas Faulkner, John Pedin, 

Samuel Eberlein, Joshua Ring, 

Vincent King, Joseph S. Wallace, 

John Barber, Robert Buckananj 

Eliphalet Weed, John Huss. 



LODGE No. 22, (Sunbury.) 
,George Martin, W. M. . 

E. C. Breedin, ' Lodge No. 22, 2 copies. 

Samuel H. Scott, Samuel Harman. 



LODGE No. 132, {Honey-brook, Chester county.) 
Effinger Happersett, W. M. 

John Widenir, Joseph Hughs, 

John Wampole, John E. Grier, 

Joseph Whisler, David H. Hackett. 



Subscribers'' Names. 



373 



ST. TAMMANY LODGE, No. 83. 



George B. Guinniss, 
Reubin CGndit, 2 copies. 
Jesse Drake, 
Nathan Monington, 
Joseph Guinniss, 
Jacob Tyler, 



Dudley B. Clark, 
George Bush, 
Noah Phillips, 
Silas Tyler, 
David Guinniss. 



LODGE No. 156, (Chesnut Level.) 



Jacob Moore, M, D. W. M. 



J. Ramsay, 

H. S. Brien, 

Philip Housekeeper, 

Joseph Hambleton, 

John Jones, 

James Hawthorne, M. D. 



A. F. Cunningham, 
Benjamin W. Gardner, 
Benjamin Eshliman, 
Leonard Johnson, 
D. Dickey, 
Robert Thomson. 



CHURCH HALL LODGE, No. 145, ( Wilkmsburgh, At- 
- leghany county ', Pa.) 

William Parks, P. M. 
James Johnston, P. M. 
William Hamilton, W. M. 
William Wallace, S. W. 
Jacob Prink, J. W. 
Daniel Henderson, Sect'ry. 
Thomas Samson, Treasurer, 



374 



Subscribers^ Names. 



Andrew Johnson, S. D. 

John Mathews, J. D. 

James Damster, -> „ 

1 , ^" , >- Stewards. 

John Gilland, J 

William Johnston, 

William Duff, 

Peter M'Cartney, Tyler. 



]M.Cer. 






Church Hall Lodge, 6 copies 

Joseph Ball, 

Mathew Mathews, 

William Graham, 

John Mark. 

George Farrel, 

Charles Wallace, 

John Lafaber, 

John Sarber, 

Isaac Addis, 

Otis Dudley, 

Robert Graham, esq. 

A. R.Woolley, 

Henry S. Johnson, 



Robert Crozier, 
Levi Barnum, 
Jacob Roupe, 
Constantine Malanoply, 
Joseph Cannon, 
Cyrus C. Abbott, 
Jesse Bently, 
John Wallace, 
Morrill Parker, 
Benoit Froost, 
Alba Fisk, 

Abraham Whitaker, esq. 
James Bonner. 



LODGE No. 50, ( West Chester.) 



G. A. Fairlamb, 
Joel C. Baily, 
Joseph Osborne, 
John H. Quinn, 
Thomas H. B. Jacobs, 



Joseph Wilkinson, jr. 
John Jeffries, 
Samson Babb, 
Isaac Darlington. 



Subscribers* Names. 375 



HIRAM LODGE, No. 81, (Germantoivn.) 

Daniel Snyder, William Briggs, 

Christopher Mason, A. W. Thomas, 

Jacob Harman, Christopher Keisel, 

William Alexander, John Cooke, 

Edward Thomson, ' Jacob Roop, 

James Ogelbe, Joseph Dickerson. 
John M'Clune, 



COLUMBIA LODGE, No. 3, ( Washington City, Z>. C. 

William Duncan, C. Barber, 

James Pettigrew, C. Putnam, 

Stephen P. Franklin, C. Byrne, 

Charles H. Wiltberger, Adam Stewart. 



NAVAL LODGE, No. 4, ( Washington City, D. C.) 

William Lambell, M. Doves, 

N. Brashears, 



LODGE No. ^(Washington City, D. C) 

Robert Armistead, Jared Sampler, 

John D. Hill, Samuel Johnson, 

John W. Brashears, Benjamin Pearce, 

Nahum Warren, U. S. N. William Preston. 
Colmone Bear, 



376 Subscribers' 1 Names. 

Hugh G. Sweeney, U. S. N. St. John's Lodge, Boston, 

C. P. M'Kennie, Warrenton, Va. 

S. H. Bullen, Baltimore, Md. 

Edward Bell, Hagerstown, Md. 

Charles Chapin, Alexandria, £>. C. 

Samuel Smith,. Union Town, Pa. 



